Matteo Garbelotto

Bio: Matteo Garbelotto is an academic researcher from University of California, Berkeley. The author has contributed to research in topics: Phytophthora ramorum & Heterobasidion annosum. The author has an hindex of 46, co-authored 225 publications receiving 9755 citations. Previous affiliations of Matteo Garbelotto include University of Turin & University of California.

Phytophthora Genome Sequences Uncover Evolutionary Origins and Mechanisms of Pathogenesis

Abstract: Draft genome sequences have been determined for the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae and the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Oomycetes such as these Phytophthora species share the kingdom Stramenopila with photosynthetic algae such as diatoms, and the presence of many Phytophthora genes of probable phototroph origin supports a photosynthetic ancestry for the stramenopiles. Comparison of the two species' genomes reveals a rapid expansion and diversification of many protein families associated with plant infection such as hydrolases, ABC transporters, protein toxins, proteinase inhibitors, and, in particular, a superfamily of 700 proteins with similarity to known oomycete avirulence genes.

Phytophthora ramorum as the Cause of Extensive Mortality of Quercus spp. and Lithocarpus densiflorus in California.

Abstract: A new canker disease, commonly known as sudden oak death, of Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus agrifolia, Q. kelloggii, and Q. parvula var. shrevei in California is shown to be caused by Phytophthora ramorum. The pathogen is a recently described species that previously was known only from Germany and the Netherlands on Rhododendron spp. and a Viburnum sp. This disease has reached epidemic proportions in forests along approximately 300 km of the central coast of California. The most consistent and diagnostic symptoms on trees are cankers that develop before foliage symptoms become evident. Cankers have brown or black discolored outer bark and seep dark red sap. Cankers occur on the trunk at the root crown up to 20 m above the ground, but do not enlarge below the soil line into the roots. Individual cankers are delimited by thin black lines in the inner bark and can be over 2 m in length. In L. densiflorus saplings, P. ramorum was isolated from branches as small as 5 mm in diameter. L. densiflorus and Q. agrifolia were inoculated with P. ramorum in the field and greenhouse, and symptoms similar to those of naturally infected trees developed. The pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated plants, which confirmed pathogenicity.

Phytophthora ramorum: integrative research and management of an emerging pathogen in California and Oregon forests.

Abstract: Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent of sudden oak death, is an emerging plant pathogen first observed in North America associated with mortality of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) in coastal forests of California during the mid-1990s. The pathogen is now known to occur in North America and Europe and have a host range of over 40 plant genera. Sudden oak death has become an example of unintended linkages between the horticultural industry and potential impacts on forest ecosystems. This paper examines the biology and ecology of P. ramorum in California and Oregon forests as well discussing research on the pathogen in a broader management context.

Sudden oak death: endangering California and Oregon forest ecosystems

Abstract: Sudden oak death is a new disease affecting tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora) and oaks (Quercus spp) in California and Oregon, caused by the recently described pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. It has reached epidemic proportions in several counties in central California, leading to the death of tens of thousands of trees. In addition to oaks and tanoak, P ramorum has been found in nearly all woody plant species in mixed evergreen and redwood forests from central California to southern Oregon. Plant species that are not killed appear to serve as a reservoir for the pathogen. The high susceptibility of tanoak to infection and death suggests that P ramorum is an exotic pathogen, but its origins, and most details of its biology and ecology, remain unknown. Our limited knowledge only compounds our concern over the long-term implications of this epidemic for the ecology of coastal forests.

A strong species–area relationship for eukaryotic soil microbes: island size matters for ectomycorrhizal fungi

Abstract: While the effects of habitat size and isolation have been successfully studied for macroorganisms, there is currently debate about their relative importance in explaining patterns of microbial species richness. In this study, we examine the species richness of a dominant group of eukaryotic soil microbes, ectomycorrhizal fungi, on tree islands of constant age and host composition that range in size from 10 000 m 2 . Our results show that ectomycorrhizal species richness is significantly reduced on smaller and more isolated tree islands, and the species‐area slope that we observe (0.20‐0.23) is similar to average slopes reported for macro-organisms. Additionally, species occurrence patterns across tree islands and investment trends in fungal fruit bodies suggest that a trade-off between competition and dispersal could play an important role in structuring ectomycorrhizal assemblages.

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Abstract: Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

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The unseen majority: Soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems

Abstract: Microbes are the unseen majority in soil and comprise a large portion of lifes genetic diversity. Despite their abundance, the impact of soil microbes on ecosystem processes is still poorly understood. Here we explore the various roles that soil microbes play in terrestrial ecosystems with special emphasis on their contribution to plant productivity and diversity. Soil microbes are important regulators of plant productivity, especially in nutrient poor ecosystems where plant symbionts are responsible for the acquisition of limiting nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogenfixing bacteria are responsible for c. 5‐20% (grassland and savannah) to 80% (temperate and boreal forests) of all nitrogen, and up to 75% of phosphorus, that is acquired by plants annually. Free-living microbes also strongly regulate plant productivity, through the mineralization of, and competition for, nutrients that sustain plant productivity. Soil microbes, including microbial pathogens, are also important regulators of plant community dynamics and plant diversity, determining plant abundance and, in some cases, facilitating invasion by exotic plants. Conservative estimates suggest that c. 20 000 plant species are completely dependent on microbial symbionts for growth and survival pointing to the importance of soil microbes as regulators of plant species richness on Earth. Overall, this review shows that soil microbes must be considered as important drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems.

Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health.

Abstract: The past two decades have seen an increasing number of virulent infectious diseases in natural populations and managed landscapes. In both animals and plants, an unprecedented number of fungal and fungal-like diseases have recently caused some of the most severe die-offs and extinctions ever witnessed in wild species, and are jeopardizing food security. Human activity is intensifying fungal disease dispersal by modifying natural environments and thus creating new opportunities for evolution. We argue that nascent fungal infections will cause increasing attrition of biodiversity, with wider implications for human and ecosystem health, unless steps are taken to tighten biosecurity worldwide.