Author
Matthew Draper
Other affiliations: University of Texas at Austin, Indiana State University
Bio: Matthew Draper is an academic researcher from Utah Valley University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Individualism & Criminal law. The author has an hindex of 7, co-authored 23 publications receiving 999 citations. Previous affiliations of Matthew Draper include University of Texas at Austin & Indiana State University.
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TL;DR: Lee et al. as discussed by the authors examined the relationship among social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress and found support for the mediation hypothesis on general psychological distress among college students.
Abstract: The study examined the relationship among social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress. The authors specifically hypothesized that the direct negative effect of social connectedness on psychological distress would be mediated by dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors. Prior to testing the hypothesis, the authors revised the original Social Connectedness Scale (SCS; R. M. Lee & S. B. Robbins, 1995). Studies 1 and 2 describe the revision and validation of the SCS on separate samples of college students. In Study 3, the authors surveyed 184 college students and found support for the mediation hypothesis on general psychological distress. The importance of assessing social connectedness and tailoring counseling interventions for people with low connectedness and dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors is addressed.
584 citations
TL;DR: All groups appeared to benefit from therapy, as noted by a decrease in symptomatology, but none of the groups met the criteria for clinically significant change for the OQ45.
Abstract: Although multicultural awareness in counseling has risen substantially in the last decade, little research has examined counseling utilization and outcomes for ethnic minorities on university campuses A sample of 1,166 African American, Asian American, Caucasian, and Latino help-seeking university students from over 40 universities nationwide filled out the Outcome Questionnaire 45 (OQ45) at the first and last therapy sessions Caucasian students attended significantly more sessions than all other groups Greatest distress was found at intake in Asian American students, followed by Latino, African American, and Caucasian students All groups appeared to benefit from therapy, as noted by a decrease in symptomatology, but none of the groups met the criteria for clinically significant change for the OQ45 Implications for therapists working with minority clients are discussed
219 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the nature and severity of college students' presenting problems by establishing a baseline measure and found that the severity and chronicity of presenting problems has been increasing over time.
Abstract: University counseling center staff members have expressed a growing concern about the perceived increasing severity of college students’ presenting problems The main goal of this study was to explore the nature and severity of college students’ presenting problems by establishing a baseline measure The research summarized here was derived from 3 large-scale studies involving 1 nonclinical and 2 clinical samples surveyed by counseling centers that were members of the Consortium of Counseling Psychological Services in Higher Education The results of this study provided some evidence for the claim that the severity and chronicity of college students’ presenting problems has been increasing over time The results of the study were discussed in light of the existing literature and conclusions were drawn Suggestions for university counseling centers were provided
118 citations
TL;DR: Kadera et al. as mentioned in this paper examined the relationship between the number of sessions and therapeutic outcome in a large, nationwide counseling center research consortium and found that the longer patients remained in therapy, the greater the therapeutic benefit.
Abstract: This study examined the dose-effect relationship between the number of sessions and therapeutic outcome in a large, nationwide counseling center research consortium. A positive relationship was found between the outcome of counseling and the number of sessions attended. The results of this study support the effectiveness of brief psychotherapy. ********** Several studies in the 1950s and 1960s examined the relationship between the number of sessions attended and the amount of gain achieved, indicating that the greater number of sessions a client attended, the greater the client gain (R. W. Johnson, 1965; Seeman, 1954; Standal & Van Der Veen, 1957). More recent studies have verified these early findings, concluding that length of treatment is positively and reliably associated with improvement and therapeutic benefit (Kadera, Lambert, & Andrews, 1996; Orlinsky, Grawe, & Parks, 1994). In recent years, the dose-response metaphor borrowed from pharmacology research has gained prominence in psychotherapy outcome research, as well (see Jones, Bigelow, & Preston, 1999, for example). One of the major contributions to this type of research is the influential meta-analysis performed by Howard, Kopta, Krause, and Orlinsky (1986), who proposed a dose- effect model linking the dosage of therapy sessions attended to the improvement clients experienced by attending each session. The log of the number of sessions became the dose, and the normalized probability of improvement was defined as the effect, using probits as the unit of analysis. The researchers constructed their dosage model by probit analysis of 15 previous outcome studies, some dating as far back as 1950, and computed the predicted improvement session by session. The results verified that the longer patients remained in therapy, the greater the gain. Results also revealed that 15% of patients improve between intake and the first session (pr esumably due to spontaneous remission and the ameliorative effects of having sought treatment), 50% improve after 8 sessions, and 75% improve after 26 sessions. Inspired by these results, other researchers began to analyze the dose effect for different diagnoses and levels of acute or chronic distress (Barkham, Rees, Stiles, & Shapiro, 1996; Kopta, Howard, Lowry, & Beutler, 1994). Criticism of the meta-analysis by Howard, Kopta, et al. (1986) surfaced soon after the articles were published. Phillips (1988) contended that earlier research failed to provide a sufficient database for determining a valid dose--effect relationship due to vague definitions of reliable improvement. Other critics questioned the previous research that grouped clients by diagnosis because patients with a specific diagnosis and similar symptoms respond differently to treatment (Kadera et al., 1996; Kopta et al., 1994). Other researchers pointed out that some researchers controlled the number of sessions clients could attend, rather than simply observing what naturally occurred in various treatment settings (Kadera et al., 1996). Observation of naturally occurring improvement in the session-by-session process of counseling has become much easier with the development of brief outcome measures such as the Outcome Questionnaire 45 (OQ45; Lambert, Lunnen, Umphress, Hansen, & Burlingame, 1994), which was designed for use not just at the beginning and end of therapy but throughout the course of treatment. By using measures such as the OQ45 to track the progress of groups of clients session-by-session naturally, researchers can begin to examine questions not only about efficacy but also about the effectiveness of treatment in these natural settings (Howard, Moras, Brill, Martinovich, & Lutz, 1996). Researchers may also begin to examine the effectiveness of counseling under a managed-care model, a model used by some college counseling centers and not yet thoroughly researched from a dose--effect paradigm (L. …
74 citations
01 Jan 2000
29 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe differences between moderator and mediator effects, and provide non-technical descriptions of how to examine each type of effect, including study design, analysis, and interpretation of results.
Abstract: The goals of this article are to (a) describe differences between moderator and mediator effects; (b) provide nontechnical descriptions of how to examine each type of effect, including study design, analysis, and interpretation of results; (c) demonstrate how to analyze each type of effect; and (d) provide suggestions for further reading. The authors focus on the use of multiple regression because it is an accessible data-analytic technique contained in major statistical packages. When appropriate, they also note limitations of using regression to detect moderator and mediator effects and describe alternative procedures, particularly structural equation modeling. Finally, to illustrate areas of confusion in counseling psychology research, they review research testing moderation and mediation that was published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology during 2001.
4,012 citations
TL;DR: Almost all interracial encounters are prone to microaggressions; this article uses the White counselor--client of color counseling dyad to illustrate how they impair the development of a therapeutic alliance.
Abstract: Racial microaggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color. Perpetrators of microaggressions are often unaware that they engage in such communications when they interact with racial/ethnic minorities. A taxonomy of racial microaggressions in everyday life was created through a review of the social psychological literature on aversive racism, from formulations regarding the manifestation and impact of everyday racism, and from reading numerous personal narratives of counselors (both White and those of color) on their racial/cultural awakening. Microaggressions seem to appear in three forms: microassault, microinsult, and microinvalidation. Almost all interracial encounters are prone to microaggressions; this article uses the White counselor--client of color counseling dyad to illustrate how they impair the development of a therapeutic alliance. Suggestions regarding education and training and research in the helping professions are discussed.
3,916 citations
TL;DR: In their new Introduction, the authors relate the argument of their book both to the current realities of American society and to the growing debate about the country's future as mentioned in this paper, which is a new immediacy.
Abstract: Meanwhile, the authors' antidote to the American sicknessa quest for democratic community that draws on our diverse civic and religious traditionshas contributed to a vigorous scholarly and popular debate. Attention has been focused on forms of social organization, be it civil society, democratic communitarianism, or associative democracy, that can humanize the market and the administrative state. In their new Introduction the authors relate the argument of their book both to the current realities of American society and to the growing debate about the country's future. With this new edition one of the most influential books of recent times takes on a new immediacy.\
2,940 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of this report is to review the research literature on college student mental health, while also drawing comparisons to the parallel literature on the broader adolescent and young adult populations.
1,460 citations