抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Sustainable hydrogen production is an essential prerequisite of a future hydrogen economy. Water electrolysis driven by renewable resource-derived electricity and direct solar-to-hydrogen conversion based on photochemical and photoelectrochemical water splitting are promising pathways for sustainable hydrogen production. All these techniques require, among many things, highly active noble metal-free hydrogen evolution catalysts to make the water splitting process more energy-efficient and economical. In this review, we highlight the recent research efforts toward the synthesis of noble metal-free electrocatalysts, especially at the nanoscale, and their catalytic properties for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We review several important kinds of heterogeneous non-precious metal electrocatalysts, including metal sulfides, metal selenides, metal carbides, metal nitrides, metal phosphides, and heteroatom-doped nanocarbons. In the discussion, emphasis is given to the synthetic methods of these HER electrocatalysts, the strategies of performance improvement, and the structure/composition-catalytic activity relationship. We also summarize some important examples showing that non-Pt HER electrocatalysts could serve as efficient cocatalysts for promoting direct solar-to-hydrogen conversion in both photochemical and photoelectrochemical water splitting systems, when combined with suitable semiconductor photocatalysts.

Noble metal-free hydrogen evolution catalysts for water splitting

"Chemists familiar with conventional quantum mechanics will applaud and benefit greatly from this particularly instructive, thorough and clearly written exposition of density functional theory: its basis, concepts, terms, implementation, and performance in diverse applications. Users of DFT for structure, energy, and molecular property computations, as well as reaction mechanism studies, are guided to the optimum choices of the most effective methods. Well done!" Paul von RaguE Schleyer "A conspicuous hole in the computational chemist's library is nicely filled by this book, which provides a wide-ranging and pragmatic view of the subject.[...It] should justifiably become the favorite text on the subject for practioneers who aim to use DFT to solve chemical problems." J. F. Stanton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. "The authors' aim is to guide the chemist through basic theoretical and related technical aspects of DFT at an easy-to-understand theoretical level. They succeed admirably." P. C. H. Mitchell, Appl. Organomet. Chem. "The authors have done an excellent service to the chemical community. [...] A Chemist's Guide to Density Functional Theory is exactly what the title suggests. It should be an invaluable source of insight and knowledge for many chemists using DFT approaches to solve chemical problems." M. Kaupp, Angew. Chem.

A Chemist's Guide to Density Functional Theory

III. Foldamer Research 3910 A. Overview 3910 B. Motivation 3910 C. Methods 3910 D. General Scope 3912 IV. Peptidomimetic Foldamers 3912 A. The R-Peptide Family 3913 1. Peptoids 3913 2. N,N-Linked Oligoureas 3914 3. Oligopyrrolinones 3915 4. Oxazolidin-2-ones 3916 5. Azatides and Azapeptides 3916 B. The â-Peptide Family 3917 1. â-Peptide Foldamers 3917 2. R-Aminoxy Acids 3937 3. Sulfur-Containing â-Peptide Analogues 3937 4. Hydrazino Peptides 3938 C. The γ-Peptide Family 3938 1. γ-Peptide Foldamers 3938 2. Other Members of the γ-Peptide Family 3941 D. The δ-Peptide Family 3941 1. Alkene-Based δ-Amino Acids 3941 2. Carbopeptoids 3941 V. Single-Stranded Abiotic Foldamers 3944 A. Overview 3944 B. Backbones Utilizing Bipyridine Segments 3944 1. Pyridine−Pyrimidines 3944 2. Pyridine−Pyrimidines with Hydrazal Linkers 3945

A field guide to foldamers.

: The unpolarized absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the fundamental vibrational transitions of the chiral molecule, 4-methyl-2-oxetanone, are calculated ab initio. Harmonic force fields are obtained using Density Functional Theory (DFT), MP2, and SCF methodologies and a 5S4P2D/3S2P (TZ2P) basis set. DFT calculations use the Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA), BLYP, and Becke3LYP (B3LYP) density functionals. Mid-IR spectra predicted using LSDA, BLYP, and B3LYP force fields are of significantly different quality, the B3LYP force field yielding spectra in clearly superior, and overall excellent, agreement with experiment. The MP2 force field yields spectra in slightly worse agreement with experiment than the B3LYP force field. The SCF force field yields spectra in poor agreement with experiment.The basis set dependence of B3LYP force fields is also explored: the 6-31G* and TZ2P basis sets give very similar results while the 3-21G basis set yields spectra in substantially worse agreements with experiment. jg

Ab initio calculation of vibrational absorption and circular dichroism spectra using density functional force fields

Hydrogenases can generate hydrogen gas, but oxygen sensitivity often limits their practical applications. Investigations of an oxygen-tolerant [NiFe] hydrogenase now show that an unusual FeS cluster with six cysteine ligands alters the electron pathway to reduce unwanted oxygen and maintain enzyme function.

A unique iron-sulfur cluster is crucial for oxygen tolerance of a [NiFe]-hydrogenase

In the catalytic cycle of [NiFe] hydrogenase the paramagnetic Ni-C intermediate is of key importance, since it is believed to carry the substrate hydrogen, albeit in a yet unknown geometry. Upon illumination at low temperatures, Ni-C is converted to the so-called Ni-L state with markedly different spectroscopic parameters. It is suspected that Ni-L has lost the "substrate hydrogen". In this work, both paramagnetic states have been generated in single crystals obtained from the [NiFe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F. Evaluation of the orientation dependent spectra yielded the magnitudes of the g tensors and their orientations in the crystal axes system for both Ni-C and Ni-L. The g tensors could further be related to the atomic structure by comparison with the X-ray crystallographic structure of the reduced enzyme. Although the g tensor magnitudes of Ni-C and Ni-L are quite different, the orientations of the resulting g tensors are very similar but differ from those obtained earlier for Ni-A and Ni-B (Trofanchuk et al. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2000, 5, 36-44). The g tensors were also calculated by density functional theory (DFT) methods using various structural models of the active site. The calculated g tensor of Ni-C is, concerning magnitudes and orientation, in good agreement with the experimental one for a formal Ni(III) oxidation state with a hydride (H(-)) bridge between the Ni and the Fe atom. Satisfying agreement is obtained for the Ni-L state when a formal Ni(I) oxidation state is assumed for this species with a proton (H(+)) removed from the bridge between the nickel and the iron atom.

Single crystal EPR studies of the reduced active site of [NiFe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F.

Convincing evidence for the presence of a nitrogen atom in the dithiolate bridge of the active site of native [FeFe] hydrogenases (B) is provided by a spectroscopic, electrochemical, and theoretica ...

A Model of the [FeFe] Hydrogenase Active Site with a Biologically Relevant Azadithiolate Bridge: A Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigation

How much iron does it take? Mononuclear complexes [FeII(3,6-R2bdt)(CO)2(PMe3)2] (bdt=1,2-C6H4(S−)2; R=H, Cl) can be reversibly protonated at the sulfur ligands, can catalyze the electrochemical red ...

Catalytic hydrogen evolution from mononuclear iron(II) carbonyl complexes as minimal functional models of the [FeFe] hydrogenase active site.

The protonation behavior of the iron hydrogenase active-site mimic [Fe2(u-adt)(CO)4(PMe3)2] (1; adt=N-benzyl-azadithiolate) has been investigated by spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computationa ...

Matthias Stein

Papers

A unique iron-sulfur cluster is crucial for oxygen tolerance of a [NiFe]-hydrogenase

Single crystal EPR studies of the reduced active site of [NiFe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F.

A Model of the [FeFe] Hydrogenase Active Site with a Biologically Relevant Azadithiolate Bridge: A Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigation

Catalytic hydrogen evolution from mononuclear iron(II) carbonyl complexes as minimal functional models of the [FeFe] hydrogenase active site.

Ligand versus metal protonation of an iron hydrogenase active site mimic