This article describes a revised Conflict Tactics Scales (the CTS2) to measure psychological and physical attacks on a partner in a marital, cohabiting, or dating relationship; and also use of negotiation. The CTS2 has (a) additional items to enhance content validity and reliability; (b) revised wording to increase clarity and specificity; (c) better differentiation between minor and severe levels of each scale; (d) new scales to measure sexual coercion and physical injury; and (e) a new format to simplify administration and reduce response sets. Reliability ranges from .79 to .95. There is preliminary evidence of construct validity.

The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and Preliminary Psychometric Data

The aim of the studies was to assess the effefcs of social categorization on intergroup behaviour when, in the intergroup situation, neither calculations of individual interest nor previously existing attitudes of hostility could have been said to have determined discriminative behaviour against an outgroup. These conditions were satisfied in the experimental design. In the first series of experiments, it was found that the subjects favoured their own group in the distribution of real rewards and penalities in a situation in which nothing but the variable of fairly irrelevant classification distinguished between the ingroup and the outgroup. In the second series of experiments it was found that: 1) maximum joint profit independent of group membership did not affect significantly the manner in which the subjects divided real pecuniary rewards; 2) maximum profit for own group did affect the distribution of rewards; 3) the clearest effect on the distribution of rewards was due to the subjects' attempt to achieve a maximum difference between the ingroup and the outgroup even at the price of sacrificing other ‘objective’ advantages.

The design and the results of the study are theoretically discussed within the framework of social norms and expectations and particularly in relation to a ‘generic’ norm of outgroup behaviour prevalent in some societies.

Social categorization and intergroup behaviour

Part I. From There to Here - Theoretical Background: 1. From visiousness to viciousness: theories of intergroup relations 2. Social dominance theory as a new synthesis Part II. Oppression and its Psycho-Ideological Elements: 3. The psychology of group dominance: social dominance orientation 4. Let's both agree that you're really stupid: the power of consensual ideology Part III. The Circle of Oppression - The Myriad Expressions of Institutional Discrimination: 5. You stay in your part of town and I'll stay in mine: discrimination in the housing and retail markets 6. They're just too lazy to work: discrimination in the labor market 7. They're just mentally and physically unfit: discrimination in education and health care 8. The more of 'them' in prison, the better: institutional terror, social control and the dynamics of the criminal justice system Part IV. Oppression as a Cooperative Game: 9. Social hierarchy and asymmetrical group behavior: social hierarchy and group difference in behavior 10. Sex and power: the intersecting political psychologies of patriarchy and empty-set hierarchy 11. Epilogue.

http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/98044356.pdf

Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression

A population is “hidden” when no sampling frame exists and public acknowledgment of membership in the population is potentially threatening. Accessing such populations is difficult because standard probability sampling methods produce low response rates and responses that lack candor. Existing procedures for sampling these populations, including snowball and other chain-referral samples, the key-informant approach, and targeted sampling, introduce well-documented biases into their samples. This paper introduces a new variant of chain-referral sampling, respondent-driven sampling, that employs a dual system of structured incentives to overcome some of the deficiencies of such samples. A theoretic analysis, drawing on both Markov-chain theory and the theory of biased networks, shows that this procedure can reduce the biases generally associated with chain-referral methods. The analysis includes a proof showing that even though sampling begins with an arbitrarily chosen set of initial subjects, as do most chain-referral samples, the composition of the ultimate sample is wholly independent of those initial subjects. The analysis also includes a theoretic specification of the conditions under which the procedure yields unbiased samples. Empirical results, based on surveys of 277 active drug injectors in Connecticut, support these conclusions. Finally, the conclusion discusses how respondent- driven sampling can improve both network sampling and ethnographic 44 investigation.

Respondent-driven sampling : A new approach to the study of hidden populations

Innovation is defined as the development and implementation of new ideas by people who over time engage in transactions with others within an institutional order. This definition focuses on four basic factors new ideas, people, transactions, and institutional context. An understanding of how these factors are related leads to four basic problems confronting most general managers: 1 a human problem of managing attention, 2 a process problem in managing new ideas into good currency, 3 a structural problem of managing part-whole relationships, and 4 a strategic problem of institutional leadership. This paper discusses these four basic problems and concludes by suggesting how they fit together into an overall framework to guide longitudinal study of the management of innovation.

/pdf/central-problems-in-the-management-of-innovation-2g1fe8bbck.pdf

Central problems in the management of innovation

Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference

The Functions of Social Conflict

This essay is the work of a social anthropologist but it is not based upon field work. It is concerned with Chinese matters but it is not written by a sinologue. In this essay are the author’s reflections on certain aspects of southeastern Chinese society during the last hundred and fifty years, with attention on the Fukien and Kwangtung region of China has it has specialized not only in large-scale unilineal organization but also in sending people overseas.

Lineage organization in southeastern China

I. VILLAGE, LINEAGE, AND CLAN I 2. FAMILY 43 3. SOCIAL STATUS, POWER, AND GOVERNMENT 68 4. RELATIONS BETWEEN LINEAGES 97 5. GEOMANCY AND ANCESTOR WORSHIP 118 6. LINEAGES IN CHINA 155 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL POSTSCRIPT 185 LIST OF WORKS CITED 191 INDEX 201

Chinese lineage and society: Fukien and Kwangtung

Family Life in ChinaFor the Sake of KinshipChinese Family & KinshipArchitecture and EthnologyWomen and the Family in Rural TaiwanFamily and Kinship in Chinese SocietHandbook of World FamiliesFamily structure and extended kinship in a Chinese communityPracticing KinshipWomen and the Family in Chinese HistoryGetting an HeirWomen, the Family, and Peasant Revolution in ChinaUnderstanding Global CulturesPowerful RelationsThe Individualization of Chinese SocietyChinese Men’s Practices of Intimacy, Embodiment and KinshipKinship, Contract, Community, and StateFamily Structure and Extended Kinship in a Chinese CommunityMarriage, Kinship, and Power in Northern ChinaTransforming PatriarchyA Society Without Fathers Or HusbandsChinese Family and KinshipReligion, Family, and Chinese Youth DevelopmentChinese Family and KinshipUnderstanding Chinese SocietyChina: Promise Or Threat?Chinese KinshipChinese Student Migration, Gender and FamilyFamily and Kinship in Chinese SocietyWomen and the Family in Chinese HistoryTransforming PatriarchyFamily and Kinship in Chinese SocietyPaper FamiliesChinese Families Upside Down: Intergenerational Dynamics and Neo-Familism in the Early 21st CenturyThe Transnational History of a Chinese FamilyFamily, Ethnicity and State in Chinese Culture Under the Impact of GlobalizationContemporary ChinaPapers Presented at the Conference on Family and Kinship in Chinese History, Asilomar, California, January 2-7, 1983Chinese KinshipFamily, kinship and ethnic identity among the overseas Chinese

Maurice Freedman

Papers

Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference

The Functions of Social Conflict

Lineage organization in southeastern China

Chinese lineage and society: Fukien and Kwangtung

Family and Kinship in Chinese Society.