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Maurice Freedman

Bio: Maurice Freedman is an academic researcher from London School of Economics and Political Science. The author has contributed to research in topics: Kinship & China. The author has an hindex of 21, co-authored 53 publications receiving 8593 citations.


Papers
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TL;DR: In the early nineties, Malinowski was visited by Professor Wu Wen-tsao of Yenching University and learned from him that independently and spontaneously there had been organized in China a sociological attack on real problems of culture and applied anthropology, an attack which embodies all my dreams and desiderata as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: ^ OME twenty-six years ago Malinowski was visited by Professor Wu _ Wen-tsao of Yenching University. He learned from him, as he tells WJus, 'that independently and spontaneously there had been organized in China a sociological attack on real problems of culture and applied anthropology, an attack which embodies all my dreams and desiderata'. These words were written in I938 in the Preface to Fei Hsiao-tung's Peasant Life in CAhina,2 a book which Malinowski thought would be counted 'as a landmark in the development of anthropological field-work and theory'. One reason for Malinowski's confidence in Fei's work was that it pushed the frontiers of anthropology outwards from savagery to civilization. And Malinowski went on to quote a forecast he had made on another occasion: ' "The anthropology of the future will be . . . as interested in the Hindu as in the Tasmanian, in the Chinese peasants as in the Australian aborigines, in the West Indian negro as in the Melanesian Trobriander, in the detribalized African of Haarlem [sic] as in the Pygmy of Perak".' We are now in the midst of the future of which Malinowski wrote. If we ignore the reference to the Trobrianders (who generously provide opportunities to present-day anthropologists for fruitful non-field work), some of us might well say that the prophecy erred only in suggesting that we are equally interested in savagery and civilization. The bold ones among us might not be shy to confess that Hindus and Chinese seem rather more interesting than Australian aborigines. This is the point from which I start. Since the thirties a number of Chinese, British and American anthropologists let us call them 'social', most of them will not object have tried to study Chinese society. What can we learn from their efforts to go beyond the older bounslaries of their subject? I shall suggest some answers to this question which should enable us, like the eponym of my lecture in his time, to guess at the near future of social anthropology. The young Fei Hsiao-tung was one of several Chinese eager to study their own society by methods developed for investigating primitive social life. Francis L. K. Hsu, who followed Fei's example in taking his Ph.D.

35 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The contributions of British social anthropologists in the study of modern studies of tribal peoples are considerable and well-known as discussed by the authors, but they are not here concerned with anthropologists, nor are they able to discuss the exlndrial labour in India (Bombay, I960).
Abstract: 13 Bangalore: A Socio-Ecological Study tions of British social anthropologists in (Bombay, I 957) . tllis field are considerable and well 14 V. B. Singh and A. K. Saran (eds.), known. Nor am I able to discuss the exlndustrial Labour in India (Bombay, I960). tensive contributions by American social 15 I am not here concerned with anthropologists in the study of modern studies of tribal peoples; the contribuIndia.

24 citations


Cited by
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TL;DR: In this article, a revised Conflict Tactics Scales (the CTS2) is proposed to measure psychological and physical attacks on a partner in a marital, cohabiting, or dating relationship.
Abstract: This article describes a revised Conflict Tactics Scales (the CTS2) to measure psychological and physical attacks on a partner in a marital, cohabiting, or dating relationship; and also use of negotiation. The CTS2 has (a) additional items to enhance content validity and reliability; (b) revised wording to increase clarity and specificity; (c) better differentiation between minor and severe levels of each scale; (d) new scales to measure sexual coercion and physical injury; and (e) a new format to simplify administration and reduce response sets. Reliability ranges from .79 to .95. There is preliminary evidence of construct validity.

6,142 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the second series of experiments, it was found that the maximum joint profit independent of group membership did not affect significantly the manner in which the subjects divided real pecuniary rewards; however, maximum profit for own group did affect the distribution of rewards; and the clearest effect on the subject's attempt to achieve a maximum difference between the ingroup and the outgroup even at the price of sacrificing other "objective" advantages.
Abstract: The aim of the studies was to assess the effefcs of social categorization on intergroup behaviour when, in the intergroup situation, neither calculations of individual interest nor previously existing attitudes of hostility could have been said to have determined discriminative behaviour against an outgroup. These conditions were satisfied in the experimental design. In the first series of experiments, it was found that the subjects favoured their own group in the distribution of real rewards and penalities in a situation in which nothing but the variable of fairly irrelevant classification distinguished between the ingroup and the outgroup. In the second series of experiments it was found that: 1) maximum joint profit independent of group membership did not affect significantly the manner in which the subjects divided real pecuniary rewards; 2) maximum profit for own group did affect the distribution of rewards; 3) the clearest effect on the distribution of rewards was due to the subjects' attempt to achieve a maximum difference between the ingroup and the outgroup even at the price of sacrificing other ‘objective’ advantages. The design and the results of the study are theoretically discussed within the framework of social norms and expectations and particularly in relation to a ‘generic’ norm of outgroup behaviour prevalent in some societies.

4,523 citations

Book
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theory of intergroup relations from visiousness to viciousness, and the psychology of group dominance, as well as the dynamics of the criminal justice system.
Abstract: Part I. From There to Here - Theoretical Background: 1. From visiousness to viciousness: theories of intergroup relations 2. Social dominance theory as a new synthesis Part II. Oppression and its Psycho-Ideological Elements: 3. The psychology of group dominance: social dominance orientation 4. Let's both agree that you're really stupid: the power of consensual ideology Part III. The Circle of Oppression - The Myriad Expressions of Institutional Discrimination: 5. You stay in your part of town and I'll stay in mine: discrimination in the housing and retail markets 6. They're just too lazy to work: discrimination in the labor market 7. They're just mentally and physically unfit: discrimination in education and health care 8. The more of 'them' in prison, the better: institutional terror, social control and the dynamics of the criminal justice system Part IV. Oppression as a Cooperative Game: 9. Social hierarchy and asymmetrical group behavior: social hierarchy and group difference in behavior 10. Sex and power: the intersecting political psychologies of patriarchy and empty-set hierarchy 11. Epilogue.

3,970 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new variant of chain-referral sampling, respondent-driven sampling, is introduced that employs a dual system of structured incentives to overcome some of the deficiencies of such samples and discusses how respondent- driven sampling can improve both network sampling and ethnographic investigation.
Abstract: A population is “hidden” when no sampling frame exists and public acknowledgment of membership in the population is potentially threatening. Accessing such populations is difficult because standard probability sampling methods produce low response rates and responses that lack candor. Existing procedures for sampling these populations, including snowball and other chain-referral samples, the key-informant approach, and targeted sampling, introduce well-documented biases into their samples. This paper introduces a new variant of chain-referral sampling, respondent-driven sampling, that employs a dual system of structured incentives to overcome some of the deficiencies of such samples. A theoretic analysis, drawing on both Markov-chain theory and the theory of biased networks, shows that this procedure can reduce the biases generally associated with chain-referral methods. The analysis includes a proof showing that even though sampling begins with an arbitrarily chosen set of initial subjects, as do most chain-referral samples, the composition of the ultimate sample is wholly independent of those initial subjects. The analysis also includes a theoretic specification of the conditions under which the procedure yields unbiased samples. Empirical results, based on surveys of 277 active drug injectors in Connecticut, support these conclusions. Finally, the conclusion discusses how respondent- driven sampling can improve both network sampling and ethnographic 44 investigation.

3,950 citations

Book
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Innovation is defined as "the development and implementation of new ideas by people who over time engage in transactions with others within an institutional order" as mentioned in this paper, where the authors focus on four basic factors new ideas, people, transactions, and institutional context.
Abstract: Innovation is defined as the development and implementation of new ideas by people who over time engage in transactions with others within an institutional order. This definition focuses on four basic factors new ideas, people, transactions, and institutional context. An understanding of how these factors are related leads to four basic problems confronting most general managers: 1 a human problem of managing attention, 2 a process problem in managing new ideas into good currency, 3 a structural problem of managing part-whole relationships, and 4 a strategic problem of institutional leadership. This paper discusses these four basic problems and concludes by suggesting how they fit together into an overall framework to guide longitudinal study of the management of innovation.

3,513 citations