Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Attachment--and loss.

Without a complete published description of interventions, clinicians and patients cannot reliably implement interventions that are shown to be useful, and other researchers cannot replicate or build on research findings. The quality of description of interventions in publications, however, is remarkably poor. To improve the completeness of reporting, and ultimately the replicability, of interventions, an international group of experts and stakeholders developed the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. The process involved a literature review for relevant checklists and research, a Delphi survey of an international panel of experts to guide item selection, and a face to face panel meeting. The resultant 12 item TIDieR checklist (brief name, why, what (materials), what (procedure), who provided, how, where, when and how much, tailoring, modifications, how well (planned), how well (actual)) is an extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement (item 5) and the SPIRIT 2013 statement (item 11). While the emphasis of the checklist is on trials, the guidance is intended to apply across all evaluative study designs. This paper presents the TIDieR checklist and guide, with an explanation and elaboration for each item, and examples of good reporting. The TIDieR checklist and guide should improve the reporting of interventions and make it easier for authors to structure accounts of their interventions, reviewers and editors to assess the descriptions, and readers to use the information.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/348/bmj.g1687.full.pdf

Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide

การวจยเชงคณภาพ เปนเครองมอสำคญอยางหนงสำหรบทำความเขาใจสงคมและพฤตกรรมมนษย การวจยแบบการสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล กเปนหนงในหลายระเบยบวธการวจยเชงคณภาพทกำลงไดรบความสนใจ และเปนทนยมเพมสงขนเรอยๆ จากนกวชาการ และนกวจยในสาขาสงคมศาสตร และศาสตรอนๆ เชน พฤตกรรมศาสตร สงคมวทยา สาธารณสขศาสตร พยาบาลศาสตร จตวทยาสงคม ศกษาศาสตร รฐศาสตร และสารสนเทศศกษา ดงนน หนงสอเรอง “ConstructingGrounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis” หรอ “การสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล:แนวทางการปฏบตผานการวเคราะหเชงคณภาพ” จะชวยใหผอานมความรความเขาใจถงพฒนาการของปฏบตการวจยแบบสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล ตลอดจนแนวทาง และกระบวนการปฏบตการวจยอยางเปนระบบ จงเปนหนงสอทควรคาแกการอานโดยเฉพาะนกวจยรนใหม เพอเปนแนวทางในการนำความรความเขาใจไประยกตในงานวจยของตน อกทงนกวจยผเชยวชาญสามารถอานเพอขยายมโนทศนดานวจยใหกวางขวางขน

Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis

OBJECTIVE: The clinical hallmark of schizophrenia is psychosis. The objective of this overview is to link the neurobiology (brain), the phenomenological experience (mind), and pharmacological aspects of psychosis-in-schizophrenia into a unitary framework. METHOD: Current ideas regarding the neurobiology and phenomenology of psychosis and schizophrenia, the role of dopamine, and the mechanism of action of antipsychotic medication were integrated to develop this framework. RESULTS: A central role of dopamine is to mediate the “salience” of environmental events and internal representations. It is proposed that a dysregulated, hyperdopaminergic state, at a “brain” level of description and analysis, leads to an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of one’s experience, at a “mind” level. Delusions are a cognitive effort by the patient to make sense of these aberrantly salient experiences, whereas hallucinations reflect a direct experience of the aberrant salience of internal representations. Antipsyc...

Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: A framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia.

Social anxiety and the shame of psychosis: a study in first episode psychosis.

Background. Auditory hallucinations in psychosis often contain critical evaluations of the voice-hearer (for example, attacks on self-worth). A voice-hearer's experience with their dominant voice is a mirror of their social relationships in general, with experiences of feeling low in rank to both voices and others being associated with depression. However, the direction of the relationship between psychosis, depression and feeling subordinate is unclear.Method. Covariance structural equation modelling was used with data from 125 participants diagnosed with schizophrenia to compare three ‘causal’ models: (1) that depression leads to the appraisal of low social rank, voice power and distress; (2) that psychotic illness leads to voice activity (frequency, audibility), which in turn leads to depression and the appraisal of voices' power; (3) our hypothesized model, that perceptions of social rank and social power lead to the appraisal of voice power, distress and depression.Results. Findings supported model 3, suggesting that the appraisal of social power and rank are primary organizing schema underlying the appraisal of voice power, and the distress of voices.Conclusions. Voices can be seen to operate like external social relationships. Voice content and experience can mirror a person's social sense of being powerless and controlled by others. These findings suggest important new targets for intervention with cognitive and social therapy.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0033291704002636

Interpersonal and role-related schema influence the relationship with the dominant 'voice ' in schizophrenia : a comparison of three models

Background This paper describes the 5-year outcome of a cohort of 
patients who had received a cognitive therapy intervention during an acute 
episode of non-affective psychosis. Method Thirty-four out of the original 40 patients who had taken 
part in a randomised controlled trial of a cognitive intervention were 
assessed, using standardised instruments completed at entry into the study. In 
the original trial, half the patients received a cognitive therapy programme 
(CT group) and the other half received recreational activities and support 
(ATY group). Results At follow-up no significant differences in relapse rate, 
positive symptoms or insight between the groups were found, although the CT 
group did show significantly greater perceived ‘Control over illness’ than the 
ATY group. For individuals who had experienced a maximum of one relapse in the 
follow-up period, self-reported residual delusional beliefs and observer-rated 
hallucinations and delusions were significantly less in the CT than in the ATY 
group. Conclusion Cognitive therapy applied in the acute phase of a 
psychotic disorder can produce enduring and significant clinical benefits if 
experience of relapse can be minimised.

/pdf/cognitive-therapy-and-recovery-from-acute-psychosis-a-38t2pek2wz.pdf

Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial. 3. Five-year follow-up.

Background Treatment non-adherence and service disengagement are commonly attributed to impaired insight. There is evidence that recovery style (i.e. psychological adjustment) may underlie service engagement.

Aims We examined whether insight, psychotic symptoms or individuals' recovery style (‘integration’ v . ‘ sealing-over’) predicts service engagement.

Method Fifty patients with schizophrenia were assessed during acute psychosis and at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups. Measures included recovery style, psychosis symptoms, insight and service engagement.

Results Sealing-over at 3 months following onset of an episode of psychosis predicted low service engagement at 6 months. Neither insight nor symptoms predicted engagement. The clear shift from integration to sealing-over within the first 3 months was independent of changes in symptoms or insight. Sealing-over between 3 and 6 months was associated with improvement in psychosis symptoms.

Conclusions Recovery style contributed more to engagement than did insight, appears to be dynamic in the short term and is orthogonal to insight. Overall, this study demonstrated the importance of addressing psychological adjustment to psychosis as well as illness status when investigating treatment engagement in people with psychosis.

/pdf/predicting-engagement-with-services-for-psychosis-insight-47871x958y.pdf

Predicting engagement with services for psychosis: insight, symptoms and recovery style

The need for a measure of engagement with Community Mental Health Services has been identified. This article reports on the development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of a scale, Service Engagement Scale (SES), to measure engagement with community mental health services. Five Community Psychiatric Nurses completed the SES for 66 clients receiving Assertive Outreach services with an ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenia. Test-retest reliability of the subscale items and scale total is in the good to excellent range. Validity is supported by good internal consistency and by the criterion group method. Although preliminary psychometric results are promising, further psychometric study is necessary to evaluate the scale's factor structure. The SES appears to evaluate engagement with services, and may therefore be a useful tool to identify areas of concern with clients experiencing engagement difficulties.

Max Birchwood

Papers

Social anxiety and the shame of psychosis: a study in first episode psychosis.

Interpersonal and role-related schema influence the relationship with the dominant 'voice ' in schizophrenia : a comparison of three models

Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial. 3. Five-year follow-up.

Predicting engagement with services for psychosis: insight, symptoms and recovery style

A new scale (SES) to measure engagement with community mental health services.