Electroencephalography (EEG) signals collected from human brains have generally been used to diagnose diseases. Moreover, EEG signals can be used in several areas such as emotion recognition, driving fatigue detection. This work presents a new emotion recognition model by using EEG signals. The primary aim of this model is to present a highly accurate emotion recognition framework by using both a hand-crafted feature generation and a deep classifier. The presented framework uses a multilevel fused feature generation network. This network has three primary phases, which are tunable Q-factor wavelet transform (TQWT), statistical feature generation, and nonlinear textural feature generation phases. TQWT is applied to the EEG data for decomposing signals into different sub-bands and create a multilevel feature generation network. In the nonlinear feature generation, an S-box of the LED block cipher is utilized to create a pattern, which is named as Led-Pattern. Moreover, statistical feature extraction is processed using the widely used statistical moments. The proposed LED pattern and statistical feature extraction functions are applied to 18 TQWT sub-bands and an original EEG signal. Therefore, the proposed hand-crafted learning model is named LEDPatNet19. To select the most informative features, ReliefF and iterative Chi2 (RFIChi2) feature selector is deployed. The proposed model has been developed on the two EEG emotion datasets, which are GAMEEMO and DREAMER datasets. Our proposed hand-crafted learning network achieved 94.58%, 92.86%, and 94.44% classification accuracies for arousal, dominance, and valance cases of the DREAMER dataset. Furthermore, the best classification accuracy of the proposed model for the GAMEEMO dataset is equal to 99.29%. These results clearly illustrate the success of the proposed LEDPatNet19.

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LEDPatNet19: Automated Emotion Recognition Model based on Nonlinear LED Pattern Feature Extraction Function using EEG Signals

The brain computer interface area has increased the number of applications in the last years, searching to improve the quality of life in injured people. In spite of the progress in the field, different strategies are analyzed in order to contribute in specific problems related to the main applications. Present proposal shows a comparison between the use of time or frequency domain for feature extraction in upper limbs motor imagery. Four machine learning techniques as K-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, Neural Networks and Random Forest were trained to detect motor imagery from EEG signals. Comparison for feature extraction and the employed detection models were analyzed to find the best election in an application for close-open fist in hands for two scenarios, according to two or three classes classification. The results achieved more than 90% in accuracy for both domain approaches in the two classes case. For the three classes detection, the results dropped out to 87% in accuracy. In general, the frequency domain is preferable for feature extraction and the KNN classifier was the best strategy for the present study.

Time and Frequency Domain Features Extraction Comparison for Motor Imagery Detection

Nowadays, the human machine interfaces have increased the applications for improving the quality of life in injured people. In spite of the progress in the field, new strategies are important to contribute to solve new problems. This proposal shows the employing of feature extraction in time and frequency domains. Three machine learning techniques as KNN, SVM and Random Forest were used to detect motor imagery from EEG signals. Comparison for feature extraction and the employed detection models were analyzed to find the best election in an application for close-open fist in hands. The results achieved more than 90% in accuracy for both approaches, showing as the frequency domain is preferable for feature extraction and the employment of the KNN classifier as best strategy for the present demand.

Machine learning techniques for detecting motor imagery in upper limbs

The classification of motor imagery electroencephalogram (MI-EEG) is a pivotal part of the biosignal classification in the brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. Currently, this bio-engineering based technology is being employed by researchers in various fields to develop cutting edge applications. The classification of real-time MI-EEG signal is the core computing and challenging task in these applications. It is well-known that the existing classification methods are not so accurate due to the high dimensionality and dynamic behaviors of the real-time EEG data. To improve the classification performance of real-time BCI applications, this paper presents a clustering-based ensemble technique and a developed brain game that distinguishes different human thoughts. At first, we have gathered the brain signals, extracted and selected informative features from these signals to generate training and testing sets. After that, we have constructed several classifiers using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), naive Bayes, Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest, Bagging, AdaBoost and compared the performance of these existing approaches with suggested clustering-based ensemble technique. On average, the proposed ensemble technique improved the classification accuracy of roughly 5 to 15% compared to the existing methods. Finally, we have developed the targeted brain game employing our suggested ensemble technique. In this game, real-time EEG signal classification and prediction tabulation through animated ball are controlled via threads. By playing this game, users can control the movements of the balls via the brain signals of motor imagery movements without using any traditional input devices. All relevant codes are available via open repository at: https://github.com/mrzResearchArena/MI-EEG.

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Prediction of Motor Imagery Tasks from Multi-Channel EEG Data for Brain-Computer Interface Applications

How does the brain a lump of 'pinkish gray meat' produce the richness of conscious experience, or any subjective experience at all? Scientists and philosophers have historically likened the brain to contemporary information technology, from the ancient Greeks comparing memory to a 'seal ring in wax,' to the 19th century brain as a 'telegraph switching circuit, ' to Freud's subconscious desires 'boiling over like a steam engine,' to a hologram, and finally, the computer. [8]

Md. Mahfuzur Rahman

Papers

Prediction of Motor Imagery Tasks from Multi-Channel EEG Data for Brain-Computer Interface Applications

Brain Machine Interface