WSNs that stand for wireless sensor networks and include many low-cost and low power-sensing tools, local processing, and the capacity of wireless communication face some problems in two aspects: the lifetime of the network and its energy. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to overcome these limitations through enhancing the LEACH (low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) protocol, the protocol of cluster routing, in which, LEACH is extended by identifying a cluster head according to the lowest degree of distance from the base station in order to decrease power consumption in cluster head nodes and in the whole network. Hence, the results clarify the ability of LEACH in enhancing the network lifetime as well as in reducing and minimizing the consumption of power.

Enhanced LEACH protocol for increasing a lifetime of WSNs

Wireless sensor network comprises of thousands of sensor nodes that are deployed in an area to monitor the physical environment. These sensor nodes have limited energy as they are battery powered. To reduce this problem, several routing protocols are designed in order to minimize energy consumption and increase the lifetime of the sensor network. In this paper, we introduced a new heterogeneous routing protocol known as advanced zonal stable election protocol (AZ-SEP) in which communication of sensor nodes with the base station is hybrid, i.e., some nodes communicate directly, while others use clustering mechanism to transmit data to base station. The dimensions of the field are unknown and are divided into three zones on the basis of nodes energy. We examined Z-SEP protocol regarding cluster head selection and communication of cluster head with the base station and introduced a new mechanism of cluster head selection on the basis of residual energy and distance from the base station. The communication between nodes with the base station occurs in a multi-hop fashion. Furthermore, the AZ-SEP is evaluated by taking different evaluation scenarios such as the changing position of the base station, skewed nodes, and variable node energy to compare it with the parent protocol. We implemented the AZ-SEP and compare it with the traditional routing protocol like Z-SEP and SEP protocol. The proposed protocol and its parent protocol are compared through simulation using simulator MATLAB 2014a. The simulation results show that our proposed protocol increases the stability period by increasing the number of alive nodes, packet delivery ratio, and optimizes average energy consumption as related to the existing protocols.

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Hybrid and Multi-Hop Advanced Zonal-Stable Election Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Micro sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSN) have limited energy. Communication stops when these nodes lose their energy completely. In this paper, presented on Multi-Hop LEACH energy efficient routing protocol for wireless Sensor networks, a method of routing is suggested based on both particle swarm optimisation technique and V-LEACH protocol and multi-hop network design. To minimize energy dissipation in the transmission from cluster head to the base station, multi-hop communication has been used.

LEACH based-energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Due to the impact of wireless sensor networks (WSN) on dramatic reduction in computational and energy resources, research on the implications of this type of networks would be considered as a deliberate and update point. One of the main issues in these networks is the security. During transfer of data from source nodes to sink nodes or vice versa, many WSNs require applications to protect data privacy. Besides, computational and energy and memory limitations of WSNs and also defenseless environment that may be applied to them, make the possibility that these types of attacks occur more often. In this study, we provide a design using intelligent multi-agent systems that help us during the crime and after crime occurred to obtain more accurate forensics reports presentable to the court of law. A feature of the design of intelligent multi-agent system is to obtain evidence during crime, without the suspect realizing it; in fact, we can do live acquisitions. The proposed design was raised in WSN networks for first time. The investigation in firewall forensics consists of analyzing and interpreting information related to computer attacks which is contained in firewall log files. But the log files content is generally mysterious and difficult to decode. This paper proposes an intelligent system that automates the firewall forensics process and helps the security administrators to manage, exploit and interpret the firewall log file contents.

A Computer Forensics Approach Based on Autonomous Intelligent Multi-Agent System

MANET is a set of mobile nodes which works in a dynamic changing network and it is capable of communicating with each other efficiently where all the nodes perform a dual role as that of a transmitter and a receiver. MANETs do not use any centralized administration for communication. The performance of a MANET can be further enhanced by adapting a cluster mechanism with the help of CEAACK to provide security from penetrators. In this paper we propose a new improved ant colony optimization algorithm with two strategies to reduce the overhead in communication by predicting mobility of node and cluster formation. Firstly, a dynamic mechanism is designed for determining one or more heuristic parameters for improving the performance of the MANET. Secondly a dynamic list of nodes are maintained which helps in forming clusters and electing the cluster head faster. In addition a dynamic broadcast approach algorithm is incorporated to provide the information about the status of the nodes to the hybrid fuzzy-ant colony algorithm. This approach ensures low maintenance cost and is expected to be robust against node failures and network topology changes. The positive outcome of these two techniques consumes low energy and in the process provides better efficiency in data transmission in MANETs. It also achieves correct delivery of packets without unnecessary delay.

Energy and delay efficient dynamic cluster formation using hybrid AGA with FACO in EAACK MANETs

Wireless Sensor Network is a network of sensor nodes without having any central controller. Its growth is expeditiously increasing and that's why there is an immense field for research in this area. Sensors depend entirely on the trust of their battery for power, which cannot be revitalized or substituted. So the design of energy aware protocol is essential in respect to enhance the network lifetime. LEACH is energy-efficient hierarchical based protocol that balances the energy expense, saves the node energy and hence prolongs the lifetime of the network. So this paper presents a detailed review and analysis of LEACH protocol. Comparison of various network parameters is done in the form of tables and graphs. The simulation work has been carried out by using own set of parameters and in the last of the paper conclusions is drawn.

Analysis of LEACH Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Lateral Wolf Based Particle Swarm Optimization (LW-PSO) for Load Balancing on Cloud Computing

WBSN is a network planned for sensing the conditions of human body and forwarding the sensed information to sink. The channel sensing and energy utilization become the main issues because of this unique property of network. This research work focuses on analyzing the channel sensing in WBAN. An ELBPQA algorithm is introduced for assigning the priority to the data when it is transmitted. The efficiency of this algorithm is enhanced by synchronizing the clocks of sensor nodes with the implementation of time lay method. A comparative analysis is conducted on the enhanced protocol against traditional protocol with regard to throughput, packet loss etc. The introduced algorithm performed more efficiently in comparison with ELBPQA. 

Meena Malik

Papers

Analysis of LEACH Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Lateral Wolf Based Particle Swarm Optimization (LW-PSO) for Load Balancing on Cloud Computing

Novel scheme for data prioritization in wireless body area network