Author
Melba Phillips
Bio: Melba Phillips is an academic researcher from University of California, Berkeley. The author has contributed to research in topics: Science education & Physical science. The author has an hindex of 8, co-authored 16 publications receiving 2095 citations.
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TL;DR: In this article, Rossiter describes the activities and personalities of numerous women scientists, including astronomers, chemists, biologists, and psychologists, who overcame extraordinary obstacles to contribute to the growth of American science.
Abstract: In volume one of this landmark study, focusing on developments up to 1940, Margaret Rossiter describes the activities and personalities of the numerous women scientists-astronomers, chemists, biologists, and psychologists-who overcame extraordinary obstacles to contribute to the growth of American science. This remarkable history recounts women's efforts to establish themselves as members of the scientific community and examines the forces that inhibited their active and visible participation in the sciences.
399 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the finite size and ready polarizability of the deuteron on the probability of transmutations involving the capture of the neutron was considered, and it was shown that the Coulomb repulsion of the nucleus is less effective than for alpha-particles or protons.
Abstract: We consider the effect of the finite size and ready polarizability of the deuteron on the probability of transmutations involving the capture of the neutron. These have as a consequence that the Coulomb repulsion of the nucleus is less effective than for alpha-particles or protons, and that the corresponding transmutation functions increase less rapidly with deuteron energy. We treat the collision by the adiabatic approximation and obtain quantitative results for this energy dependence which are in good agreement with experiment.
102 citations
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Abstract: Recent research activities on the linear magnetoelectric (ME) effect?induction of magnetization by an electric field or of polarization by a magnetic field?are reviewed. Beginning with a brief summary of the history of the ME effect since its prediction in 1894, the paper focuses on the present revival of the effect. Two major sources for 'large' ME effects are identified. (i) In composite materials the ME effect is generated as a product property of a magnetostrictive and a piezoelectric compound. A linear ME polarization is induced by a weak ac magnetic field oscillating in the presence of a strong dc bias field. The ME effect is large if the ME coefficient coupling the magnetic and electric fields is large. Experiments on sintered granular composites and on laminated layers of the constituents as well as theories on the interaction between the constituents are described. In the vicinity of electromechanical resonances a ME voltage coefficient of up to 90?V?cm?1?Oe?1 is achieved, which exceeds the ME response of single-phase compounds by 3?5 orders of magnitude. Microwave devices, sensors, transducers and heterogeneous read/write devices are among the suggested technical implementations of the composite ME effect. (ii) In multiferroics the internal magnetic and/or electric fields are enhanced by the presence of multiple long-range ordering. The ME effect is strong enough to trigger magnetic or electrical phase transitions. ME effects in multiferroics are thus 'large' if the corresponding contribution to the free energy is large. Clamped ME switching of electrical and magnetic domains, ferroelectric reorientation induced by applied magnetic fields and induction of ferromagnetic ordering in applied electric fields were observed. Mechanisms favouring multiferroicity are summarized, and multiferroics in reduced dimensions are discussed. In addition to composites and multiferroics, novel and exotic manifestations of ME behaviour are investigated. This includes (i) optical second harmonic generation as a tool to study magnetic, electrical and ME properties in one setup and with access to domain structures; (ii) ME effects in colossal magnetoresistive manganites, superconductors and phosphates of the LiMPO4 type; (iii) the concept of the toroidal moment as manifestation of a ME dipole moment; (iv) pronounced ME effects in photonic crystals with a possibility of electromagnetic unidirectionality. The review concludes with a summary and an outlook to the future development of magnetoelectrics research.
4,315 citations
Book•
04 Oct 2009TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of vector calculus and functions of a complex variable and Fraunhoffer diffraction by a circular hole, and a miscellany of bidirectional reflectances and related quantities.
Abstract: Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Electromagnetic wave propagation 3. The absorption of light 4. Specular reflection 5. Single particle scattering: perfect spheres 6. Single particle scattering: irregular particles 7. Propagation in a nonuniform medium: the equation of radiative transfer 8. The bidirectional reflectance of a semi-infinite medium 9. The opposition effect 10. A miscellany of bidirectional reflectances and related quantities 11. Integrated reflectances and planetary photometry 12. Photometric effects of large scale roughness 13. Polarization 14. Reflectance spectroscopy 15. Thermal emission and emittance spectroscopy 16. Simultaneous transport of energy by radiation and conduction Appendix A. A brief review of vector calculus Appendix B. Functions of a complex variable Appendix C. The wave equation in spherical coordinates Appendix D. Fraunhoffer diffraction by a circular hole Appendix E. Table of symbols Bibliography Index.
1,951 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the total energy, cross helicity, and magnetic helicity of the solar wind at 1, 2.8, and 5 AU, and found that the magnetic heliometry typically lies at scales larger than the magnetic correlation length, consistent with the expectations of the inverse cascade and selective decay hypotheses of three-dimensional MHD turbulence theory.
Abstract: Measurements of the total energy, cross helicity, and magnetic helicity of the solar wind at 1, 2.8, and 5 AU are presented. These quantities are the three rugged invariants of three-dimensional ideal incompressible MHD turbulence theory. The theoretical technique for measuring the magnetic helicity from the matrix of two-point correlations is shown. The length scales characterizing the magnetic helicity are found to be equal to or greater than those which characterize the magnetic energy. The magnetic helicity typically lies at scales larger than the magnetic correlation length, consistent with the expectations of the inverse cascade and selective decay hypotheses of three-dimensional MHD turbulence. At smaller scales, the magnetic helicity oscillates in sign. Measurements of the cross helicity are not fully consistent with the usual interpretation in terms of outward propagating Alfvenic functions. Especially during the interval at 5 AU the cross helicity is found to oscillate in sign indicating fluctuations propagating both outward and inward.
870 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the interaction between oscillations and waves, and describe the absorption of wave energy by oscillating bodies by wave-energy absorption by oscillated bodies, as well as wave interactions with oscillating water columns.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Mathematical description of oscillations 3. Interaction between oscillations and waves 4. Gravity waves on water 5. Wave-body interactions 6. Wave-energy absorption by oscillating bodies 7. Wave interactions with oscillating water columns Bibliography Index.
743 citations
654 citations