Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is a recent innovative transport concept, anticipated to induce significant changes in the current transport practices. However, there is ambiguity surrounding the concept; it is uncertain what are the core characteristics of MaaS and in which way they can be addressed. Further, there is a lack of an assessment framework to classify their unique characteristics in a systematic manner, even though several MaaS schemes have been implemented around the world. In this study, we define this set of attributes through a literature review, which is then used to describe selected MaaS schemes and existing applications. We also examine the potential implications of the identified core characteristics of the service on the following three areas of transport practices: travel demand modelling, a supply-side analysis, and designing business model. Finally, we propose the necessary enhancements needed to deliver such an innovative service like MaaS, by establishing the state of art in those fields.

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Mobility as a Service: A Critical Review of Definitions, Assessments of Schemes, and Key Challenges

The innovator’s prescription: a disruptive solution for health care.

A discussion of the sustainability and travel behaviour impacts of ride-hailing is provided, based on an extensive literature review of studies from both developed and developing countries. The effects of ride-hailing on vehicle-kilometres travelled (VKT) and traffic externalities such as congestion, pollution and crashes are analysed. Modal substitution, user characterisation and induced travel outputs are also examined. A summary of findings follows. On the one hand, ride-hailing improves the comfort and security of riders for several types of trips and increases mobility for car-free households and for people with physical and cognitive limitations. Ride-hailing has the potential to be more efficient for rider-driver matching than street-hailing. Ride-hailing is expected to reduce parking requirements, shifting attention towards curb management. On the other hand, results on the degree of complementarity and substitution between ride-hailing and public transport and on the impact of ride-hailing on VKT are mixed; however, there is a tendency from studies with updated data to show that the ride-hailing substitution effect of public transport is stronger than the complementarity effect in several cities and that ride-hailing has incremented motorised traffic and congestion. Early evidence on the impact of ride-hailing on the environment and energy consumption is also concerning. A longer-term assessment must estimate the ride-hailing effect on car ownership. A social welfare analysis that accounts for both the benefits and costs of ride-hailing remains unexplored. The relevance of shared rides in a scenario with mobility-as-a-service subscription packages and automated vehicles is also highlighted.

Ride-hailing, travel behaviour and sustainable mobility: an international review

В статье оцениваются различные типы сетевых обозревателей (поисковых систем), их достоинства и недостатки, особенности дизайна и вопросы, связанные с достоверностью обозрений. Автор также дискутирует по поводу применения вспомогательных языков (графических, символических и цифровых конструкций) в сетевых обозревателях. В статье даются практические советы по конструированию поисковых систем. Делается вывод, что сетевые обозреватели - особенные продукты с уникальными аспектами.

Web-based surveys: Changing the Survey Process/ Поисковые системы: Изменение процесса обзора в сети

Mobility as a Service (MaaS), which uses a digital platform to bring all modes of travel into a single on-demand service, has received great attention and research interest Different business models have emerged in which travellers can either pre-pay for their mobility services bundled into a MaaS plan, or pay-as-they-go using a smart app linked to the service This study aims to understand how large the potential market of MaaS would be if travellers are offered this one-stop access to a range of mobility services, and how much potential users might value each item included in a MaaS plan A stated choice survey of 252 individuals administered via a face-to-face method is conducted in Sydney, Australia and a state of the art preference model is estimated to address the research questions Results indicate that almost half of the sampled respondents would take MaaS offerings, and the potential uptake levels vary significantly across population segments, with infrequent car users being the most likely adopters, and car non-users the least On average, Sydney travellers are willing to pay $640 for an hour of access to car-share, with one-way car-share valued more than station-based car-share Estimated willingness-to-pay for unlimited use of public transport is $590 per day which is much lower than the current daily cap These findings suggest a careful segmentation of the market and a cross-subsidy strategy is likely to be required by MaaS suppliers to obtain a commercially viable uptake level

Potential uptake and willingness-to-pay for Mobility as a Service (MaaS): A stated choice study

The growing pressure on urban passenger transport systems has increased the demand for new and innovative solutions to increase its efficiency. One approach to tackle this challenge has been the slow but steady shift towards shared mobility services (car-, bike-sharing etc.). Building on these new modes and the developments in information and communication technologies, the concept of “Mobility as a Service” (MaaS) has recently come to light and offers convenient door-to-door transport without the need to own a private vehicle. The term Mobility as a Service (MaaS) stands for buying mobility services based on consumer needs instead of buying the means of mobility. In recent years, various MaaS schemes have been arisen around the world. The objective of this paper is to review these newly existing mobility services and develop an index to evaluate the level of mobility integration for each based on the assumption that higher level of integration is more appealing to travellers. The review presented in this paper allows a comparison among the schemes and provides the background and the key points of MaaS systems that the research community could use for designing surveys. It also provides significant insights to transport operators and authorities on the elements they should take into account to apply an attractive MaaS scheme that could effectively shift demand away from private vehicles.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1419224.pdf

A Critical Review of New Mobility Services for Urban Transport

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is a new mobility model that aims to bridge the gap between public
and private transport operators on a city, intercity and national level, and envisages the integration
of the currently fragmented tools and services a traveller needs to conduct a trip (planning,
booking, access to real time information, payment and ticketing). As MaaS gains wider
acceptance, there are several misperceptions about what this model is. Thus, the purpose of this
paper is to provide a preliminary definition for the MaaS concept, and propose the MaaS
ecosystem where the role of each actor is described in details. The MaaS ecosystem is designed
after personal interviews and focus groups with the involved actors. This holistic approach sets the
ground for the MaaS concept and highlights the areas where research is needed in order to
contribute to the materialisation of the concept.

The Business Ecosystem of Mobility-as-a-Service

The Mobility as a Service (MaaS) concept has recently taken the transport industry by storm. However, as applications and research on it are limited, there is still little evidence on what this new phenomenon could bring to the transport sector. This paper aims to provide initial insights into whether MaaS product bundles (monthly subscription plans) can be used as a mobility management tool to promote shared modes. Data from an original survey, specifically designed to study MaaS plans, was used with Greater London as the case study area. The results show, that even though respondents do not prefer shared modes in their MaaS plans, a significant number of them are willing to subscribe to plans that include these modes. Once they have subscribed, over 60% of them indicated that they would be willing to try transportation modes that they previously did not use if their MaaS plans included them. These initial results show evidence that MaaS bundles can indeed be used as a mobility management tool to introduce more travelers to shared modes.

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The potential of mobility as a service bundles as a mobility management tool

As the Mobility as a Service (MaaS) concept attracts more interest, there is increased demand for understanding more about MaaS subscription plans. There is a gap in knowledge on how the plans should be created and what transport modes and features they should include in order to cater for the heterogeneous mobility preferences of all the socio-demographic user groups. This paper presents the design of a survey including a stated preference (SP) experiment that captures the complex decision-making process of purchasing MaaS products. Respondents are presented with repeated choices between four hypothetical MaaS plans out of which three are fixed plans and one is a menu option. This approach allows for testing people’s preferences and willingness to pay for flexibility. The attributes of the plans include transport modes and amounts, mode specific features (e.g. 10-min taxi guarantee), transferability (meaning how much of left over mode-attributes can be transferred to the next month), special bonuses (e.g. a free dinner for two) and the price of the plan. The SP is tested with a number of focus groups. Insights on two data collection applications are detailed, first as part of web-based survey, then incorporated into a smartphone-based prompted recall travel survey. The design presented in this paper can be adapted to other areas and provide valuable insights for MaaS products design and pricing.

/pdf/survey-design-for-exploring-demand-for-mobility-as-a-service-2g2zhsupf2.pdf

Survey design for exploring demand for Mobility as a Service plans

With the emergence of the Mobility as a Service (MaaS) concept, it is important to understand whether it has the potential to support behaviour change and the shift away from private vehicle ownership and use. This paper aims to identify potential ways that MaaS (specifically MaaS plans) could help encourage behavioural change; and understand the barriers to using alternative transport modes. In-depth interviews and qualitative analysis are applied to the case study of London. The results indicate that individuals segment the transport modes offered via MaaS into three categories: essential, considered and excluded. Soft measures should target each individuals’ consideration set as this is where the most impact can be made regarding behaviour change. Respondents also highlighted factors that make them apprehensive towards certain modes, such as safety, service characteristics and administration. Interventions that focus on the socio-demographic groups that are most affected could help make these modes more appealing.

/pdf/opportunities-and-barriers-to-multimodal-cities-lessons-3ccmj6ryrf.pdf

Melinda Matyas

Papers

A Critical Review of New Mobility Services for Urban Transport

The Business Ecosystem of Mobility-as-a-Service

The potential of mobility as a service bundles as a mobility management tool

Survey design for exploring demand for Mobility as a Service plans

Opportunities and barriers to multimodal cities: lessons learned from in-depth interviews about attitudes towards mobility as a service