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Michael Grätzel

Bio: Michael Grätzel is an academic researcher from École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. The author has contributed to research in topics: Dye-sensitized solar cell & Perovskite (structure). The author has an hindex of 248, co-authored 1423 publications receiving 303599 citations. Previous affiliations of Michael Grätzel include University of California, Berkeley & Siemens Energy Sector.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported the generation of Cl2 when aqueous dispersions of WO3 solutions of NaCl are irradiated in the visible The rate of Cl 2 evolution is dependent on the amount of catalyst, pH of solution, concentration of NCl used, intensity of light and concentration of the oxidant (O2).
Abstract: This study reports the generation of Cl2 when aqueous dispersions of WO3 solutions of NaCl are irradiated in the visible The rate of Cl2 evolution is dependent on the amount of catalyst, pH of solution, concentration of NaCl used, intensity of light and concentration of the oxidant (O2) present WO3 is also photoactive in LiCl solutions and O2 reduction was also observed in this case Light promotes the transfer of an electron from Cl– to O2 in a reaction that is thermodynamically uphill

5 citations

OtherDOI
29 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the operating principles of the Dye-Sensitized solar cell and its operation, including the tuning of MLCT transitions and the incorporation of nonchromophoric ligands on MLCT transitions.
Abstract: The sections in this article are Introduction General Background Operating Principles of the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Incident Photon to Current Efficiency and Open-Circuit Photovoltage Molecular Sensitizers Formation of Complexes Photophysical Properties Ground and Excited State Redox Potentials Requirements of the Sensitizers Absorption Spectral Properties of Metal Complexes Tuning of MLCT Transitions Spectral Tuning in “Push-Pull” Type of Complexes Spectral Tuning in Complexes Containing Hybrid Donor Ligands Influence of Nonchromophoric Ligands on MLCT Transitions Influence of the Position of Carboxyl Groups on MLCT Transitions MLCT Transitions in Geometric Isomers Spectral Tuning in Heteroleptic Sensitizers Hydrophobic Sensitizers Near IR Sensitizers Phthalocyanines Ruthenium Phthalocyanines Phthalocyanines Containing 3d Metals Mononuclear and Polynuclear Metal Complexes of Group VIII Iron Complexes Osmium Complexes Polynuclear Complexes Surface Chelation of Polypyridyl Complexes onto the TiO2 Surface Anchoring Groups Acid-Base Equilibria of the Anchoring Groups Acid-Base Equilibria of the 4,4-Dicarboxy-2,2′-Bipyridine and its Complexes Acid-Base Equilibria of the Phosphonato Group Stability and Performance of the Dyes Stability of the Inorganic Dyes Effect of Protons Carried by the Sensitizer on the Performance Comparison of IPCE Obtained with Various Sensitizers Synthesis and Characterization Synthetic Strategies for Ruthenium Complexes Purification Characterization Conclusion Acknowledgment

5 citations

01 Feb 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a Web of Science Record created on 2006-02-21, modified on 2017-05-12 for the LPI-ARTICLE-1983-019.
Abstract: Reference LPI-ARTICLE-1983-019View record in Web of Science Record created on 2006-02-21, modified on 2017-05-12

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the assembly of hybrid layered Dion-Jacobson perovskite phases was investigated by X-ray diffraction, UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
Abstract: Layered hybrid perovskites are based on organic spacers separating hybrid perovskite slabs. We employ arene and perfluoroarene moieties based on 1,4-phenylenedimethylammonium (PDMA) and its perfluorinated analogue (F-PDMA) in the assembly of hybrid layered Dion–Jacobson perovskite phases. The resulting materials are investigated by X-ray diffraction, UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy to demonstrate the formation of layered perovskite phases. Moreover, their behaviour was probed in humid environments to reveal nanoscale segregation of layered perovskite species based on PDMA and F-PDMA components, along with enhanced stabilities of perfluoroarene systems, which is relevant to their application.

5 citations


Cited by
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[...]

08 Dec 2001-BMJ
TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

33,785 citations

01 May 1993
TL;DR: Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems.
Abstract: Three parallel algorithms for classical molecular dynamics are presented. The first assigns each processor a fixed subset of atoms; the second assigns each a fixed subset of inter-atomic forces to compute; the third assigns each a fixed spatial region. The algorithms are suitable for molecular dynamics models which can be difficult to parallelize efficiently—those with short-range forces where the neighbors of each atom change rapidly. They can be implemented on any distributed-memory parallel machine which allows for message-passing of data between independently executing processors. The algorithms are tested on a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark problem for system sizes ranging from 500 to 100,000,000 atoms on several parallel supercomputers--the nCUBE 2, Intel iPSC/860 and Paragon, and Cray T3D. Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems. For large problems, the spatial algorithm achieves parallel efficiencies of 90% and a 1840-node Intel Paragon performs up to 165 faster than a single Cray C9O processor. Trade-offs between the three algorithms and guidelines for adapting them to more complex molecular dynamics simulations are also discussed.

29,323 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
24 Oct 1991-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a photovoltaic cell, created from low-to medium-purity materials through low-cost processes, which exhibits a commercially realistic energy-conversion efficiency.
Abstract: THE large-scale use of photovoltaic devices for electricity generation is prohibitively expensive at present: generation from existing commercial devices costs about ten times more than conventional methods1. Here we describe a photovoltaic cell, created from low-to medium-purity materials through low-cost processes, which exhibits a commercially realistic energy-conversion efficiency. The device is based on a 10-µm-thick, optically transparent film of titanium dioxide particles a few nanometres in size, coated with a monolayer of a charge-transfer dye to sensitize the film for light harvesting. Because of the high surface area of the semiconductor film and the ideal spectral characteristics of the dye, the device harvests a high proportion of the incident solar energy flux (46%) and shows exceptionally high efficiencies for the conversion of incident photons to electrical current (more than 80%). The overall light-to-electric energy conversion yield is 7.1-7.9% in simulated solar light and 12% in diffuse daylight. The large current densities (greater than 12 mA cm-2) and exceptional stability (sustaining at least five million turnovers without decomposition), as well as the low cost, make practical applications feasible.

26,457 citations

28 Jul 2005
TL;DR: PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1(PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员,通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

18,940 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The slow pace of hazardous waste remediation at military installations around the world is causing a serious delay in conversion of many of these facilities to civilian uses as discussed by the authors, which is a serious problem.
Abstract: The civilian, commercial, and defense sectors of most advanced industrialized nations are faced with a tremendous set of environmental problems related to the remediation of hazardous wastes, contaminated groundwaters, and the control of toxic air contaminants. For example, the slow pace of hazardous waste remediation at military installations around the world is causing a serious delay in conversion of many of these facilities to civilian uses. Over the last 10 years problems related to hazardous waste remediation have emerged as a high national and international priority.

17,188 citations