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Michael Levine

Bio: Michael Levine is an academic researcher from University of California, Los Angeles. The author has contributed to research in topics: Enhancer & Excitatory postsynaptic potential. The author has an hindex of 129, co-authored 586 publications receiving 55963 citations. Previous affiliations of Michael Levine include Tottori University & University of California, San Diego.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
Paramvir S. Dehal1, Yutaka Satou2, Robert K. Campbell3, Jarrod Chapman1, Bernard M. Degnan4, Anthony W. De Tomaso5, Brad Davidson6, Anna Di Gregorio6, Maarten D. Sollewijn Gelpke1, David Goodstein1, Naoe Harafuji6, Kenneth E. M. Hastings7, Isaac Ho1, Kohji Hotta8, Wayne Huang1, Takeshi Kawashima2, Patrick Lemaire9, Diego Martinez1, Ian A. Meinertzhagen10, Simona Necula1, Masaru Nonaka11, Nik Putnam1, Sam Rash1, Hidetoshi Saiga12, Masanobu Satake13, Astrid Terry1, Lixy Yamada2, Hong Gang Wang14, Satoko Awazu2, Kaoru Azumi15, Jeffrey L. Boore1, Margherita Branno16, Stephen T. Chin-Bow17, Rosaria DeSantis16, Sharon A. Doyle1, Pilar Francino1, David N. Keys1, David N. Keys6, Shinobu Haga8, Hiroko Hayashi8, Kyosuke Hino2, Kaoru S. Imai2, Kazuo Inaba13, Shungo Kano16, Shungo Kano2, Kenji Kobayashi2, Mari Kobayashi2, Byung In Lee1, Kazuhiro W. Makabe2, Chitra Manohar1, Giorgio Matassi16, Mónica Medina1, Yasuaki Mochizuki2, Steve Mount18, Tomomi Morishita8, Sachiko Miura8, Akie Nakayama2, Satoko Nishizaka8, Hisayo Nomoto8, Fumiko Ohta8, Kazuko Oishi8, Isidore Rigoutsos17, Masako Sano8, Akane Sasaki2, Yasunori Sasakura2, Eiichi Shoguchi2, Tadasu Shin-I8, Antoinetta Spagnuolo16, Didier Y.R. Stainier19, Miho Suzuki20, Olivier Tassy9, Naohito Takatori2, Miki Tokuoka2, Kasumi Yagi2, Fumiko Yoshizaki11, Shuichi Wada2, Cindy Zhang1, P. Douglas Hyatt21, Frank W. Larimer21, Chris Detter1, Norman A. Doggett22, Tijana Glavina1, Trevor Hawkins1, Paul G. Richardson1, Susan Lucas1, Yuji Kohara8, Michael Levine6, Nori Satoh2, Daniel S. Rokhsar1, Daniel S. Rokhsar6 
13 Dec 2002-Science
TL;DR: A draft of the protein-coding portion of the genome of the most studied ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, is generated, suggesting that ascidians contain the basic ancestral complement of genes involved in cell signaling and development.
Abstract: The first chordates appear in the fossil record at the time of the Cambrian explosion, nearly 550 million years ago. The modern ascidian tadpole represents a plausible approximation to these ancestral chordates. To illuminate the origins of chordate and vertebrates, we generated a draft of the protein-coding portion of the genome of the most studied ascidian, Ciona intestinalis. The Ciona genome contains approximately 16,000 protein-coding genes, similar to the number in other invertebrates, but only half that found in vertebrates. Vertebrate gene families are typically found in simplified form in Ciona, suggesting that ascidians contain the basic ancestral complement of genes involved in cell signaling and development. The ascidian genome has also acquired a number of lineage-specific innovations, including a group of genes engaged in cellulose metabolism that are related to those in bacteria and fungi.

1,582 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Jul 2003-Nature
TL;DR: Comparative genome analyses reveal a surprising constancy in genetic content: vertebrate genomes have only about twice the number of genes that invertebrates have, and the increase is primarily due to the duplication of existing genes rather than the invention of new ones.
Abstract: Whole-genome sequence assemblies are now available for seven different animals, including nematode worms, mice and humans. Comparative genome analyses reveal a surprising constancy in genetic content: vertebrate genomes have only about twice the number of genes that invertebrate genomes have, and the increase is primarily due to the duplication of existing genes rather than the invention of new ones. How, then, has evolutionary diversity arisen? Emerging evidence suggests that organismal complexity arises from progressively more elaborate regulation of gene expression.

1,298 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
11 Oct 2012-Nature
TL;DR: The main workshop recommendation is that at a minimum studies should report on sample-size estimation, whether and how animals were randomized, whether investigators were blind to the treatment, and the handling of data.
Abstract: The US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke convened major stakeholders in June 2012 to discuss how to improve the methodological reporting of animal studies in grant applications and publications. The main workshop recommendation is that at a minimum studies should report on sample-size estimation, whether and how animals were randomized, whether investigators were blind to the treatment, and the handling of data. We recognize that achieving a meaningful improvement in the quality of reporting will require a concerted effort by investigators, reviewers, funding agencies and journal editors. Requiring better reporting of animal studies will raise awareness of the importance of rigorous study design to accelerate scientific progress.

1,037 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1984-Nature
TL;DR: A repetitive DNA sequence has been identified in the Drosophila melanogaster genome that appears to be localized specifically within genes of the bithorax and Antennapedia complexes that are required for correct segmental development.
Abstract: A repetitive DNA sequence has been identified in the Drosophila melanogaster genome that appears to be localized specifically within genes of the bithorax and Antennapedia complexes that are required for correct segmental development. Initially identified in cloned copies of the genes Antennapedia, Ultrabithorax and fushi tarazu, the sequence is also contained within two other DNA clones that have characteristics strongly suggesting that they derive from other homoeotic genes.

968 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A mouse model bearing a germline disruption in parkin is generated, providing the first evidence for a novel role of parkin in dopamine regulation and nigrostriatal function, and a non-essential role in the survival of nigral neurons in mice.

861 citations


Cited by
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28 Jul 2005
TL;DR: PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1(PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员,通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

18,940 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The GAL4 system, a system for targeted gene expression that allows the selective activation of any cloned gene in a wide variety of tissue- and cell-specific patterns, has been designed and used to expand the domain of embryonic expression of the homeobox protein even-skipped.
Abstract: We have designed a system for targeted gene expression that allows the selective activation of any cloned gene in a wide variety of tissue- and cell-specific patterns. The gene encoding the yeast transcriptional activator GAL4 is inserted randomly into the Drosophila genome to drive GAL4 expression from one of a diverse array of genomic enhancers. It is then possible to introduce a gene containing GAL4 binding sites within its promoter, to activate it in those cells where GAL4 is expressed, and to observe the effect of this directed misexpression on development. We have used GAL4-directed transcription to expand the domain of embryonic expression of the homeobox protein even-skipped. We show that even-skipped represses wingless and transforms cells that would normally secrete naked cuticle into denticle secreting cells. The GAL4 system can thus be used to study regulatory interactions during embryonic development. In adults, targeted expression can be used to generate dominant phenotypes for use in genetic screens. We have directed expression of an activated form of the Dras2 protein, resulting in dominant eye and wing defects that can be used in screens to identify other members of the Dras2 signal transduction pathway.

9,460 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
14 Mar 1997-Science
TL;DR: Findings in this work indicate that dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control.
Abstract: The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that learning is driven by changes in the expectations about future salient events such as rewards and punishments. Physiological work has recently complemented these studies by identifying dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events. Taken together, these findings can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control.

8,163 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors helps to direct adaptive immune responses to antigens derived from microbial pathogens to distinguish infectious nonself from noninfectious self.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract The innate immune system is a universal and ancient form of host defense against infection. Innate immune recognition relies on a limited number of germline-encoded receptors. These receptors evolved to recognize conserved products of microbial metabolism produced by microbial pathogens, but not by the host. Recognition of these molecular structures allows the immune system to distinguish infectious nonself from noninfectious self. Toll-like receptors play a major role in pathogen recognition and initiation of inflammatory and immune responses. Stimulation of Toll-like receptors by microbial products leads to the activation of signaling pathways that result in the induction of antimicrobial genes and inflammatory cytokines. In addition, stimulation of Toll-like receptors triggers dendritic cell maturation and results in the induction of costimulatory molecules and increased antigen-presenting capacity. Thus, microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors helps to direct adaptive immune responses ...

8,041 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The transcription factor NF-κB has attracted widespread attention among researchers in many fields based on its unusual and rapid regulation, the wide range of genes that it controls, its central role in immunological processes, the complexity of its subunits, and its apparent involvement in several diseases.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract The transcription factor NF-κB has attracted widespread attention among researchers in many fields based on the following: its unusual and rapid regulation, the wide range of genes that it controls, its central role in immunological processes, the complexity of its subunits, and its apparent involvement in several diseases. A primary level of control for NF-κB is through interactions with an inhibitor protein called IκB. Recent evidence confirms the existence of multiple forms of IκB that appear to regulate NF-κB by distinct mechanisms. NF-κB can be activated by exposure of cells to LPS or inflammatory cytokines such as TNF or IL-1, viral infection or expression of certain viral gene products, UV irradiation, B or T cell activation, and by other physiological and nonphysiological stimuli. Activation of NF-κB to move into the nucleus is controlled by the targeted phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IκB. Exciting new research has elaborated several important and unexpected findings that...

5,833 citations