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Showing papers by "Michael Rutter published in 1991"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The importance of comorbidity is shown and it is noted that it is not dealt with optimally in either DSM-III-R or ICD-9.
Abstract: Epidemiological data show that the co-occurrence of two or more supposedly separate child (and adult) psychiatric conditions far exceeds that expected by chance (clinic data cannot be used for this determination). The importance of comorbidity is shown and it is noted that it is not dealt with optimally in either DSM-III-R or ICD-9. Artifacts in the detection of comorbidity are considered in terms of referral and screening/surveillance biases. Apparent comorbidity may also arise from various nosological considerations; these include the use of categories where dimensions might be more appropriate, overlapping diagnostic criteria, artificial subdivision of syndromes, one disorder representing an early manifestation of the other, and one disorder being part of the other. Possible explanations of true comorbidity are discussed with respect to shared and overlapping risk factors, the comorbid pattern constituting a distinct meaningful syndrome, and one disorder creating an increased risk for the other. Some possible means of investigating each of these possibilities are noted.

1,029 citations



Book
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: This book discusses the relationship between maturation of neurotransmitter systems in the human brain and psychosocial disorders, and some concepts and issues related to this relationship are explained.
Abstract: List of contributors Foreword Preface Structural abnormalities of the brain in developmental disorders G. Lyon and J.-F. Gadisseux Developmental disorders and structural brain development R. Goodman Relation between maturation of neurotransmitter systems in the human brain and psychosocial disorders D. Swaab Chromosomal abnormalities M. Pembrey Genetic risk and psychosocial disorders: links between the normal and abnormal R. Plomin Pre- and perinatal risk factors for psychosocial development P. Casaer Metabolic/endocrine disorders and psychological functioning P. Fuggle and P. Graham Toxins and allergens E. Taylor The long-term psychosocial sequelae of specific developmental disorders of speech and language M. Rutter and L. Mawhood Reproductive hormones J. Bancroft Epilepsy and anticonvulsive drugs H.-C. Steinhawsen and C. Rauss-Mason Biological risk mechanisms: some concepts and issues M. Rutter.

109 citations



Book ChapterDOI
01 May 1991
TL;DR: The continuities and discontinuities between normality and abnormality is one of the central characteristics of a developmental psychopathology research perspective (Cicchetti et al. as discussed by the authors ).
Abstract: The investigation of continuities and discontinuities between normality and abnormality is one of the central characteristics of a developmental psychopathology research perspective (Cicchetti & Schneider-Rosen, 1986; Garber, 1984; Masten & Braswell, in press; Plomin, in press; Rutter, 1986b, 1988; Rutter & Garmezy, 1983, Sroufe & Rutter, 1984). Psychiatry is full of examples in which this is a major issue (Rutter & Sandberg, 1985). Thus, it is necessary to ask whether the processes and mechanisms underlying anorexia nervosa, for example, are the same as those that apply to less extreme dieting behavior or whether the factors that influence levels and patterns of alcohol consumption in the general population also apply to alcohol dependence or abuse. But nowhere is this issue more apparent than in the field of depression. A degree of sadness or unhappiness is a normal part of the human condition, but does it have the same meaning as the misery that is part of a depressive psychosis with delusions of guilt and psychomotor retardation? A second defining feature of a developmental psychopathology research perspective is the concern with analyzing continuities and discontinuities over the life span as they apply to the development of disorders. Again, this is a key issue in the study of depression (Carlson & Garber, 1986; Cicchetti & Schneider-Rosen, 1986; Emde, Harmon, & Good, 1986; Rutter, 1986a, 1986b). We need to ask whether negative mood has the same meaning and is manifested in the same way at all stages of development.

56 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The important implications for developmental psychopathology that derive from advances in psychiatric and behavioral genetics are discussed in relation to a series of mistaken stereotypes.
Abstract: The important implications for developmental psychopathology that derive from advances in psychiatric and behavioral genetics are discussed in relation to a series of mistaken stereotypes: that strong effects mean that environmental influences must be unimportant; that genes provide a limit to potential; that genetic strategies are of no value for studying environmental influences; that nature and nurture are separate; that genes for serious diseases are necessarily bad; that diseases have nothing to do with normal variation; that genetic findings will not help identify diseases; that genetic influences diminish with age; that disorders that run in families must be genetic; that disorders that seem not to run in families cannot be genetic; and that single major genes lead only to specific rare diseases that follow a Mendelian pattern. The reasons why these stereotypes are mistaken are considered in relation to genetic concepts and findings.

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the role of schooling in the development of a child's development from childhood to adult life is discussed, and a role of Pastoral Care in Education is discussed.
Abstract: (1991). Pathways from Childhood to Adult Life; The Role of Schooling. Pastoral Care in Education: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 3-10.

34 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Maughan et al. looked at changes in practice in the same schools, and considered the possible links between some aspects of school management and outcomes for pupils.
Abstract: In a companion paper (Maughan et al, 1990) the patterns of changes in outcomes at six schools over five years were presented. This paper looks at changes in practice in the same schools, and considers the possible links between some aspects of school management and outcomes for pupils.

23 citations



01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In a follow-up study, this article found that depressed children with conduct disorder had a worse short-term outcome and a higher risk of adult criminality than depressed children without conduct problems.
Abstract: Sixty-three child and adolescent patients meeting operational criteria for depression and 68 non-depressed child psychiatric controls were followed into adulthood. Twenty-one percent of the depressed group had had conduct disorder (CD) in conjunction with their index depression. Depressed children with comorbid CD did not differ from depressed children without conduct problems with respect to depressive symptom presentation or demographic characteristics. However, depressives with CD had a worse short-term outcome and a higher risk of adult criminality than depressed children without conduct problems. There was a strong trend for depressives with CD to have a lower risk of depression in adulthood than depressed children without conduct problems. The outcomes of depressives with CD were very similar to those of nondepressed children with CD. The findings are discussed in the context of current classification schemes.