Resena de la obra de Don A. Dillman, Jolene D. Smyth y Leah Melani Christian: Internet, Phone, Mail and Mixed-Mode Surveys. The Tailored Design Method. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7287796.pdf

Internet, phone, mail and mixed-mode surveys: the tailored design method: reseña

The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been implicated in reward mechanisms. The net effect of neurotransmitter interaction at the mesolimbic brain region induces “reward” when dopamine (DA) is released from the neuron at the nucleus accumbens and interacts with a dopamine D2 receptor. “The reward cascade” involves the release of serotonin, which in turn at the hypothalmus stimulates enkephalin, which in turn inhibits GABA at the substania nigra, which in turn fine tunes the amount of DA released at the nucleus accumbens or “reward site.” It is well known that under normal conditions in the reward site DA works to maintain our normal drives. In fact, DA has become to be known as the “pleasure molecule” and/or the “antistress molecule.” When DA is released into the synapse, it stimulates a number a DA receptors (D1-D5) which results in increased feelings of well-being and stress reduction. A consensus of the literature suggests that when there is a dysfunction in ...

Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors.

In this article, the author critically reviews studies on the relationship between exposure to trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and alcohol abuse. After establishing that strong relationships exist between exposure to traumatic events and alcohol problems, and particularly between the diagnoses of PTSD and alcoholism, the author discusses various factors, theories, and possible mechanisms to account for these associations. Moreover, she discusses applications of these findings to the assessment and treatment of people exposed to trauma who abuse alcohol. Finally, the author outlines novel methods for testing theoretical hypotheses and makes suggestions for methodological improvements in future research. This article critically reviews the evidence for an important functional relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcoholism. Although several reviewers have shown a significant overlap between certain anxiety disorders and alcohol abuse (e.g., B. J. Cox, Norton, Swinson, & Endler, 1990; Kushner, Sher, & Beitman, 1990; Pihl & Stewart, 1991 ), they did not consider the relationship between PTSD and alcoholism. One review examined the relationship between PTSD and substance abuse (i.e., Keane, Gerardi, Lyons, & Wolfe, 1988 ). However, their focus was very different from this review, assessing abuse of a wide range of chemical substances by only Vietnam veterans exposed to trauma. The purposes of this article are to (a) examine the empirical evidence for the cooccurrence of trauma exposure and alcohol problems and for the comorbidity between PTSD and alcoholism across various traumatic events; (b) critique methodological issues in the literature; (c) review theoretical mechanisms that may account for the relationship of trauma exposure, PTSD, and alcohol abuse; (d) discuss the implications of this research for the assessment and treatment of individuals comorbid for PTSD and alcoholism; and (e) suggest directions for future research. It should be made clear at the outset that this review focuses specifically on alcohol abuse in response to psychological trauma (e.g., sexual assault) as opposed to stressful life events (i.e., negative events that are not necessarily traumatic, such as divorce; Holmes & Rahe, 1967) or physical trauma (e.g., head injury). As these latter two issues are not a focus of this article, the interested reader is referred to reviews on the associations between alcohol abuse and stressful life events (Beckman, 1976; Benson & Wilsnack, 1983; Straussner, 1985 ) and alcohol abuse and physical trauma (Solomon & Malloy, 1992). Although conI thank Richard J. McNally and Robert O. Pihl for their helpful comments on drafts of this article.

Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: A critical review.

OBJECTIVE: To examine levels of violence exposure and reports of feeling unsafe in relation to psychological and behavioral characteristics for a general population sample of youths from an urban setting. METHOD: A comprehensive survey of high-risk behaviors, attitudes, indicators of adaptive behavior, and daily involvements was administered to a sample of 2,248 students in the 6th, 8th, and 10th grades in an urban public school system. RESULTS: More than 40% of the youths surveyed reported exposure to a shooting or stabbing in the past year, and 74% reported feeling unsafe in one or more common environmental contexts. Multiple regression analyses indicated significant relationships between violence exposure/feeling unsafe and a set of indicators of psychological and behavioral adaptation and expressed attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: These results attest to the picture of violence as a common fact of inner-city life and to the demand that is placed on urban youths to accommodate in their psychological development to chronic threat and lack of safety. VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study by Schwab-Stone et al. was to investigate the psychological and behavioral characteristics of urban youth in relation to violence exposure and feelings of safety. METHODOLOGY: The authors conducted a quasi-experimental, cross-sectional analysis of data collected from 2,248 6th, 8th and 10th grade students attending urban district schools. The ethnic composition of the sample consisted of African-American, Hispanic and Caucasian students. The authors reported that 54.8% of the sample were female. 53.9% of the students lived in two parent households, 39.4% lived with one parent. The authors stated that a survey was administered by research or school personnel to students attending 142 classes at the 17 participating schools. The authors utilized the Social and Health Assessment measure (Weissberg et al., 1991), a 182 item instrument designed to measure middle and high school students' high risk behaviors, and positive community and school interests. The authors utilized survey items that addressed students' exposure to violence, feelings of safety, and the association between these factors and various measures of school and psychological functioning. Indicators of risk included an item that addressed violence exposure; "During the past year how many times have you seen someone get shot or stabbed?" Frequency of violence exposure was measured using a five point likert scale. Three groups of exposure levels were derived. These included no exposure, moderate exposure and high exposure. Feelings of safety were measured by assessing four spheres of student life. These included: "I feel safe in my home"; "...in my neighborhood"; "...at my school"; "...on the school bus or while walking to school." The authors organized three categories of feelings of safety according to the number of contexts in which respondents said they felt unsafe. The three categories consisted of those feeling safe in all four contexts, those feeling unsafe in one or two contexts and those feeling unsafe in three or four of the environments. Student attitudes were measured along three dimensions. These included "Willingness to use physical aggression" if respondent had been insulted, had an insulted family member, had something stolen and had been hit. Four items from the National Adolescent Student Health Survey (American School Health Association, 1990) were utilized. Cronbach's alpha was .76. "Diminished Perception of Risk Taking" addressed how much students believed that others their age would risk harming themselves. Criteria included substance use, carrying guns, fighting, ditching school, and other similar criteria. Four items were taken from the Monitoring the Future Scale (Johnston et al., 1990) and six items were developed by the authors. Likert scale format was utilized and ranged from 1 = no risk, to 4 = great risk. Cronbach's alpha was .85. Expectations about the future were assessed using 5 of 10 items from Jessor's Expectations of Goal Attainment Scale (Jessor et al., 1989). Items included "What are the chances that you will graduate from high school?"; "...that you will go to college?"; "...that you will have a job that pays well?"; "...will have a happy family life; and "...will stay in good health most of the time?" Cronbach's alpha was .76. Adaptation was measured along four dimensions. Depressed mood and anxiety was assessed with items adapted from a survey by Jessor et al. (1989). They included: "Have you just felt really down about things?"; "...depressed about life in general?"; and "Have you spent a lot of time worrying about little things?" A four point scale ranged from 1 = not at all, to 4 = a lot. Cronbach's alpha was .74. A seven item scale was developed based on Jessor's Delinquent-Type Behavior scale (three items) (Jessor et al., 1989), the National Adolescent Student Health Survey (one item) (American School Health Association, 1990) and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (one item) (Centers for Disease Control, 1991) to measure aggression and antisocial activities (e.g., fighting, arrest, vandalism, theft, carrying a gun). Cronbach's alpha was .76. Frequency and type of alcohol used over the previous 30 days were assessed using a four item scale obtained from the Monitoring the Future Scale (Johnston et al., 1990). Cronbach's alpha was .82. Two items measured academic achievement; one asked if a grade had been repeated, the other asked for grade status. Respondents' mean z scores served as a measure of school achievement. The authors conducted chi square analyses, one-way ANOVAS, and multiple hierarchical regression analyses to evaluate the data. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: The authors found that 41.3% of students reported that they had seen one or more shootings or stabbings in the past year. Males reported significantly greater violence exposure than females F(1,2199)=25.68, p In conclusion the authors stated that, overall, exposure to violence and feeling unsafe accounted for a large proportion of the variance in predicting aggressive/antisocial involvement. The authors reported that violence exposure was a high predictor of four aspects of social and personal adjustment. Depressed/anxious mood, aggressive/antisocial behavior and lower academic achievement were all significantly associated with feeling unsafe. AUTHORS' RECOMMENDATIONS: The authors suggested that the collection of future data on psychological and behavioral outcomes of violence exposure will enable a more thorough examination of its effects on feeling unsafe. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) Child Witness Juvenile Witness Exposure to Violence Community Violence Effects Witnessing Community Violence Witnessing Violence Effects Community Violence Effects Child Adjustment Juvenile Adjustment Elementary School Student Grade 6 Grade 8 Grade 10 Junior High School Student Senior High School Student Early Adolescence Late Adolescence Late Childhood Urban Youth Urban Environment Urban Violence Psychological Victimization Effects Language: en

No Safe Haven: A Study of Violence Exposure in an Urban Community

Concomitance between childhood sexual and physical abuse and substance use problems: A review

In order to examine the association between the experience of violent events, trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder among women drug users, 105 women in treatment for addictive disorders were interviewed. One hundred four of the study participants reported trauma in 1 or more of 14 categories of traumatic events, 59% of whom reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Among those with PTSD, 97% reported one or more violent traumas as compared with 73% of those without PTSD. The likelihood of PTSD was strongly associated with the number of violent traumas reported by a woman. Women in recovery from drug addiction are likely to have a history of violent trauma and are at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. Screening for PTSD among women with an addictive disorder should become part of the diagnostic and treatment routine.

Violence, trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder among women drug users

Background
A substantial increase in transportation of goods on railway may be hindered by public fear of increased vibration and noise leading to annoyance and sleep disturbance. As the majority of freight trains run during night time, the impact upon sleep is expected to be the most serious adverse effect. The impact of nocturnal vibration on sleep is an area currently lacking in knowledge. We experimentally investigated sleep disturbance with the aim to ascertain the impact of increasing vibration amplitude.

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On the Influence of Freight Trains on Humans: A Laboratory Investigation of the Impact of Nocturnal Low Frequency Vibration and Noise on Sleep and Heart Rate

Acupuncture as a detoxification treatment: an analysis of controlled research.

This article explores the evolution of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the common European security and defence policy (CESDP), taken to represent European foreign and security policy, with an emphasis on the continuous reframing of policy within a changing "foreign policy space'. Having identified the key phases in the evolution of this European foreign policy space, the article then pursues two general aims: first, to establish how far this evolution reflects the interaction of ideas, institutions and policies; second, to assess the significance of a number of key "drivers' common to many areas of policy within the EU - the search for legitimacy, the preferences of member states and the desire for environmental stabilization. On the basis of this exploration, the article argues that it is possible to discern the emergence of a "post-modern' or " extra-national' foreign policy in the EU, which has significant echoes of policy- making in other areas of EU activity.

The framing of European foreign and security policy: towards a post-modern policy framework?

Objectives Transportation of goods on railways is increasing and the majority of the increased numbers of freight trains run during the night. Transportation noise has adverse effects on sleep structure, affects the heart rate (HR) during sleep and may be linked to cardiovascular disease. Freight trains also generate vibration and little is known regarding the impact of vibration on human sleep. A laboratory study was conducted to examine how a realistic nocturnal railway traffic scenario influences HR during sleep. Design Case–control. Setting Healthy participants. Participants 24 healthy volunteers (11 men, 13 women, 19–28 years) spent six consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory. Interventions All participants slept during one habituation night, one control and four experimental nights in which train noise and vibration were reproduced. In the experimental nights, 20 or 36 trains with low-vibration or high-vibration characteristics were presented. Primary and secondary outcome measures Polysomnographical data and ECG were recorded. Results The train exposure led to a significant change of HR within 1 min of exposure onset (p=0.002), characterised by an initial and a delayed increase of HR. The high-vibration condition provoked an average increase of at least 3 bpm per train in 79% of the participants. Cardiac responses were in general higher in the high-vibration condition than in the low-vibration condition (p=0.006). No significant effect of noise sensitivity and gender was revealed, although there was a tendency for men to exhibit stronger HR acceleration than women. Conclusions Freight trains provoke HR accelerations during sleep, and the vibration characteristics of the trains are of special importance. In the long term, this may affect cardiovascular functioning of persons living close to railways.

https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/3/5/e002655.full.pdf

Michael Smith

Papers

Violence, trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder among women drug users

On the Influence of Freight Trains on Humans: A Laboratory Investigation of the Impact of Nocturnal Low Frequency Vibration and Noise on Sleep and Heart Rate

Acupuncture as a detoxification treatment: an analysis of controlled research.

The framing of European foreign and security policy: towards a post-modern policy framework?

Effects of train noise and vibration on human heart rate during sleep: an experimental study.