Perception layer security in Internet of Things

Σχεδιασμος Και Υλοποιηση Μοντελου Εξομοιωσης Υπερκειμενων Δικτυων Με Χρηση Του Εργαλειου Network Simulator 2

A rise in the population has immensely increased the pressure on the agriculture sector. With the advent of technology, this decade is witnessing a shift from conventional approaches to the most advanced ones. The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed both the quality and quantity of the agriculture sector. Hybridization of species along with the real-time monitoring of the farms paved a way for resource optimization. Scientists, research institutions, academicians, and most nations across the globe are moving towards the practice and execution of collaborative projects to explore the horizon of this field for serving mankind. The tech industry is racing to provide more optimal solutions. Inclusion of IoT, along with cloud computing, big data analytics, and wireless sensor networks can provide sufficient scope to predict, process, and analyze the situations and improve the activities in the real-time scenario. The concept of heterogeneity and interoperability of the devices by providing flexible, scalable, and durable methods, models are also opening new domains in this field. Therefore, this paper contributes towards the recent IoT technologies in the agriculture sector, along with the development of hardware and software systems. The public and private sector projects and startup’s started all over the globe to provide smart and sustainable solutions in precision agriculture are also discussed. The current scenario, applications, research potential, limitations, and future aspects are briefly discussed. Based on the concepts of IoT a precision farming framework is also proposed in this article.

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Recent Developments of the Internet of Things in Agriculture: A Survey

We discuss the use of the parabolic equation (PE) along with the alternate direction implicit (ADI) method in predicting the loss for three specialized tunnel cases: curved tunnels, branched tunnels, and rough-walled tunnels. This paper builds on previous work which discusses the use of the ADI-PE in modeling transmission loss in smooth, straight tunnels. For each specialized tunnel case, the ADI-PE formulation is presented along with necessary boundary conditions and tunnel geometry limitations. To complete the study, examples are presented where the ADI-PE numerical results for the curved and rough-walled tunnel are compared to known analytical models and experimental data, and the branched tunnel data is compared to the numerical solutions produced by HFSS.

Modeling Radio Transmission Loss in Curved, Branched and Rough-Walled Tunnels With the ADI-PE Method

The IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is the standard routing protocol for IPv6 based low-power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPANs). In RPL protocol, DODAG information object (DIO) messages are used to disseminate routing information to other nodes in the network. A malicious node may eavesdrop DIO messages of its neighbor nodes and later replay the captured DIO many times with fixed intervals. In this paper, we present and investigate one of the severe attacks named as a non-spoofed copycat attack, a type of replay based DoS attack against RPL protocol. It is shown that the non-spoofed copycat attack increases the average end-to-end delay (AE2ED) and packet delivery ratio of the network. Thus, to address this problem, an intrusion detection system (IDS) named CoSec-RPL is proposed in this paper. The attack detection logic of CoSec-RPL is primarily based on the idea of outlier detection (OD). CoSec-RPL significantly mitigates the effects of the non-spoofed copycat attack on the network’s performance. The effectiveness of the proposed IDS is compared with the standard RPL protocol. The experimental results indicate that CoSec-RPL detects and mitigates non-spoofed copycat attack efficiently in both static and mobile network scenarios without adding any significant overhead to the nodes. To the best of our knowledge, CoSec-RPL is the first RPL specific IDS that utilizes OD for intrusion detection in 6LoWPANs.

CoSec-RPL: detection of copycat attacks in RPL based 6LoWPANs using outlier analysis

In the wireless sensor networks domain, one of the most used standards is IEEE 802.15.4. This standard has been made available on many low power operating systems such as TinyOS and Contiki OS. It is crucial for the implementation to be compliant with the specifications of the standard. In the case of Contiki OS, the provided version of the main medium access algorithm, unslotted Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), presents many flaws. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of the provided CSMA/CA algorithm and we point out to the parts that do not respect the standard specifications. We also propose and implement a compliant version of this algorithm and show through simulation the correctness of the implementation.

Implementation and performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 unslotted CSMA/CA protocol on Contiki OS

Gathering data over a dynamic topology is an issue in WSN. Radio links are unreliable due to changes in environmental conditions that induce drastic evolution of propagation conditions between nodes. This leads to a high dynamic connectivity and represents a big challenge for routing while maintaining the level of reliability required for the application. In this context, the synchronization of WSN nodes activity is a required condition to provide more efficient utilization of the radio interface and more energy saving. Researchers have proposed synchronization algorithms, mainly focused on synchronization accuracy and energy saving. However, these protocols are not well suited for WSN application requirements in harsh environments, where links are not always available nor are they bidirectional. This paper proposes a synchronization method that can meet the goal of dynamic topology and therefore can improve the data collection performance. The nodes use a hop by hop diffusion of a single message including a timestamp to synchronize their local clock. Our proposal uses a predetermined correction offset to adjust the receiver clock. We provide a technique that is based on (i) software defined radio observer nodes and on (ii) Texas Instrument CC430 based nodes to evaluate the degree of synchronization over a multi-hop topology. Several experimental measurements are taken to show the impact on the clock error of the distance (in number of hops) from a node to the sink.

Synchronization protocol for dynamic environment: Design and prototype experiments

Many existing MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks try to achieve simultaneously low latency and low power consumption. For many monitoring applications, however, there are two separated types of traffic. Most of the traffic is periodic, and is not subject to latency constraints: energy savings is the main objective for this traffic. A small proportion of the traffic has strict latency requirements, and the energy consumed for this priority traffic is not an issue. In this paper, we introduce a MAC protocol that can achieve this traffic differentiation in a WSN. We propose to combine the low power listening approach for periodic traffic with opportunistic encounters mechanisms for urgent traffic. We show that our approach provides a good ratio of consumed energy per delivered packet of the periodic traffic, while keeping a low loss rate for the priority traffic.

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MAC protocol for volcano monitoring using a wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are increasingly used in environmental monitoring applications. They are designed to operate for several months by featuring low activity cycles in order to save energy. In this paper, we propose a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for such WSNs with very low duty-cycles of 1% and less. Nodes are activated randomly and use a history of previous successful frame exchanges to decide their next activation time. We study the choice of the history size, and we compare the performance of our protocol with other protocols from the literature. We show by simulations and real experiments that with a limited history size of only six entries, our protocol achieves better performance than other protocols from the literature, while keeping the advantages of fully asynchronous protocols.

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Michel Misson

Papers

Implementation and performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 unslotted CSMA/CA protocol on Contiki OS

Synchronization protocol for dynamic environment: Design and prototype experiments

MAC protocol for volcano monitoring using a wireless sensor network

History-based MAC Protocol for Low Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks: the SLACK-MAC Protocol

Security Architecture for Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks