Michel Récopé

Bio: Michel Récopé is an academic researcher from Blaise Pascal University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Humanities & Emotions in decision-making. The author has an hindex of 6, co-authored 25 publications receiving 105 citations.

The commitment of polar expedition members to a project: Declared motivation or in situ mobilization?

Abstract: The commitment of participants to a project under extreme conditions, such as a polar expedition, has a vital bearing on its end result. This finding is consistent with many studies (Baron 1993; Garel 2003; Picq 2005) which suggest that in a project an individual's performance depends more on his actual motivation than on his inherent skills and their suitability for the functions the project needs. But how can one apprehend the very notion of commitment? Its meaning is more complex than it seems. In fact, we have to distinguish the actors' "declared" motivations from what actually mobilizes them in the situation (Recope et al., 2006). Work from the field of motivation psychology (Nuttin, 1985; Lazarus, 2001) and more broadly from the philosophy of experience (Merleau-Ponty, 1942; Canguilhem, 2003) has made a decisive contribution to this distinction and to establish the importance of the mobilization, norms, and sensibilities underlying it. Having defined and situated these notions we shall show how they throw a light on the participants' behaviour throughout the polar expedition and the project's progress. To account for this result empirically we shall use a case study involving within the same expedition two participants from which personal sensitivity are different. Our conclusions lead to a reconsideration of how to recruit for project teams, highlighting as they do, on the one hand, the importance of commitment not just in terms of intensity but also of meaning, and on the other, the difficulty of using this criterion for recruiting in so far as this commitment may be separate from the motivation expressed.

La sensibilité à, organisatrice de l'expérience vécue

Abstract: Cette contribution trouve sa raison dans nos insatisfactions de formateurs confrontes a l'importante variabilite interindividuelle de la " presence active " des pratiquants et de leurs apprentissages : au volley-ball, certains progressent rapidement, d'autres quasiment pas. Les criteres classiquement avances (qualites physiques, volume de pratique anterieure, adresse specifique, motivation a pratiquer) ne rendent pas compte de ces differentiels de " presence active " et d'apprentissage reperables dans les divers cadres de pratique (enseignement scolaire obligatoire et optionnel, secteur associatif). Cette insatisfaction ethique a genere une question de recherche visant une formation plus pertinente. Nos propos se limiteront au rapport qu'entretiennent en acte les joueurs avec le jeu et les situations du jeu. Le qualificatif de " pratiquants " souligne la restriction a ce seul aspect d'une activite assurement plus complexe. La preoccupation permanente de formation et l'evolution du travail de terrain nous ont fait eviter toute ecole doctrinale pour retenir une position hybride : une anthropologie cognitive non mentaliste empruntant a des philosophies de la vie formant a nos yeux un ensemble d'orientations composites mais compatibles ; une ethologie phenomenologique des pratiques humaines ordinaires, perspective descriptive et comparative des actes inspiree de Thines (1980), s'interessant aux relations signifiantes avec le monde naturel specifique (Umwelt). L'ensemble du propos s'inscrit dans l'approche enactive, une phenomenologie qui s'efforce de saisir l'experience humaine pour remedier a l'absence de sens commun dans la definition de la cognition (Varela, 1989). La distinction entre changement qualitatif global et changement quantitatif a pour nous le statut d'hypothese interpretative des inegalites d'apprentissages dont nous constatons sur le terrain qu'elles se creusent generalement lors de la formation. Elle ne consiste pas en un choix a priori, mais ressort a posteriori de nos etudes, suite : - au reperage, apres examen conjoint des materiaux, de trois modes differents de pratique viable nous semblant relever de trois sensibilites a ; - au constat que l'evolution ne repond ni a une logique de " stades " (au sens d'un passage necessaire par l'un des etats avant d'acceder a un autre), ni a une logique d'expertise ; - au reperage de changements importants, d'ordre global, du mode de pratique chez certains joueurs : l'ancienne regularite comportementale laisse place a une nouvelle regularite. La sensibilite est la cible de notre formation, le plus tot possible, pour tous les pratiquants : notre travail ayant ete genere/alimente par des questions ethiques liees a une visee professionnelle, nous recusons la cesure chercheur/formateur. Aussi assumons-nous d'etre des manipulateurs suscitant des vecus compatibles avec les apprentissages specifiques du volley-ball. Nous sommes conscients d'etre normalisateurs, en ce que nous visons a reduire l'ecart entre la sensibilite a initiale (la norme/valeur et les conceptualisations en acte sous-jacentes) des pratiquants et celle qui nous parait favoriser ces acquisitions. Une modelisation des conduites peu a peu construite au sein de notre processus formation-recherche propose que l'activite et le vecu du pratiquant sont issus de la coordination de plusieurs registres. Non isolables, ces derniers constitueraient chacun un module perception-action etablissant ses propres evenements informationnels et assurant ses contributions motrices a l'activite d'ensemble. Une pluralite de vecus et d'activites caracteriserait donc le tout complexe et organise emergeant de ces registres interactifs.

Referee cognition as it occurs : different kind of judgment acts

Abstract: Referee decision making is an emblematic example of complex cognition. We study it as it occurs during rugby matches. Using a head-mounted video, we help the referee during an interview to articulate what makes sense. This allows proposing an alternative perspective to classic decision making theory to describe referee activity.

Naturalistic decision making and emotion in refereeing: affect at the heart of judgment

Abstract: Introduction: This study examines emotions in decision making during sport refereeing. We study how emotions contribute to referees’ judgment acts. We seek to determine whether 1) a negative affect arises from the referees’ relationship to the unfolding game; 2) judgment acts are able to end this unsatisfactory situation. Method: We have investigated four games in a professional rugby championship. The game was filmed from the stands, the referee was equipped with a head-mounted camera, and a self-confrontation interview was realized. We analyzed the situations in which the referees reported negative affect. Results/discussion: In some cases, affective dissatisfaction was related to an abnormal situation. The referee showed what was abnormal and overcame his dissatisfaction through a judgment act. In other cases, affective dissatisfaction was related to a paradoxical situation. The return to a satisfactory state occurred when a norm became predominant to determine the normality/abnormality of the situation within its unfolding.

Norme propre et exercice corporel : le cas d'un volleyeur

Abstract: La primaute des valeurs negatives affirmee par Canguilhem dans le champ de la maladie est mise a l'epreuve dans le champ de l'exercice corporel. Cette etude se centre sur l'experience subjective et l'activite d'un volleyeur qui presente la particularite de manifester en situation de frequentes reactions d'insatisfaction. L'evitement de la rupture de l'echange apparait comme la relation prevalente au fondement de son activite et de son experience : elle s'impose comme norme propre sous-jacente. L'article met en evidence quelques aspects du processus d'actualisation en situation de cette norme.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

Abstract: Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

The economics of knowledge

Abstract: The knowledge revolution is likely to have a profound impact on the well-being and welfare of human kind. The recognition of knowledge as a major factor in growth and development is a recent phenomenon. The management of knowledge within an enterprise is intimately linked to the management of scientific human resources in it. The two most prominent manifestations of the knowledge revolution were in the area of gene technology and information technology.

Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions

Abstract: Anyone who watches the television news has seen images of firefighters rescuing people from burning buildings and paramedics treating bombing victims. How do these individuals make the split-second decisions that save lives? Most studies of decision making, based on artificial tasks assigned in laboratory settings, view people as biased and unskilled. Gary Klein is one of the developers of the naturalistic decision-making approach, which views people as inherently skilled and experienced. Since 1985, Klein has conducted fieldwork to find out how people tackle challenges in difficult, nonroutine situations. Sources of Power is based on observations of humans acting under such real-life constraints as time pressure, high stakes, personal responsibility, and shifting conditions. In addition to providing information that can be used by professionals in management, psychology, engineering, and other fields, the book presents an overview of the research approach of naturalistic decision making and expands our knowledge of the strengths people bring to difficult tasks.