This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (1) Theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (2) One cannot generalize from a single case, therefore the single case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (3) The case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, while other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (4) The case study contains a bias toward verification; and (5) It is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. The article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and that a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of more good case studies.

Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research

This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies.

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Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Types of Exchange, Speech Functions, and Grammatical Mood Part 3: Discourses and Representations 7. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Styles 10. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion

http://disciplinas.stoa.usp.br/pluginfile.php/270695/mod_folder/content/0/ii.%20Norman_Fairclough_Analysing_discourse.pdf?forcedownload=1

Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research

The Wretched of the Earth

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The Practice Of Everyday Life

In James Clifford's (1988) book The Predicament of Culture, various essays on critical practice, focusing on all sorts of cultural "texts" (exhibition catalogues, postcards, art collections, scholarly texts, and the very concepts we use to discuss all of these things), demonstrate the difficulty of talking about meanings. Meanings shift constantly according to social and historical pressures. The predicament of culture, it appears, is the instability of the categories used to address it, to analyze it, even to live in it. It seems that the attempts made in various domains of cultural studies-notably, ethnography and anthropological theory-to reflect on the meaning of the language of domination out of which these domains emerged only lead to deeper dilemmas, to more troubling instances of self-doubt (see, e.g., Fabian 1983). If anywhere, it is in anthropology that the importance of meaning as a tool of power has been recognized and, subsequently, theorized and analyzed. The objects of Clifford's analysis constitute an ideal case for the importance of semiotics as a trans-, super-, or interdisciplinary theory. Although semiotics has largely been developed in conjunction with linguistics and literary analysis, thus almost inevitably giving language a position of theoretical privilege while simultaneously supporting the accusation that this very privileging is undue, in Clifford's work, semiotics confronts objects that are emphatically not linguistic-despite

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The Predicament of Semiotics

In this paper we present an audio-visual exploration of staging the unstageable, so to speak, that we are currently conducting; consider it a project of art-based research. In this project we probe the epistemological, ethical and aesthetic dilemmas of giving a visible shape to death that does not exclude the dying. The dilemmas pertain to scenography as well as to death and knowledge: how to figure what cannot be fixed? Instead of representation, the word “figuration” is better suited to tackle this difficulty. It is through their figuration that death and knowledge can become perceptible and thus can culturally function: being shared, modified, and used, and hence, make the culture in which they occur. On the basis of Flaubert's Madame Bovary we are exploring the consequences of three problems in contemporary culture: first, the intricate bond between the difficulty of knowing and its figuring; together with the difficulty of acknowledging death, as we have been arguing so far; second, the bond between ...

Mieke Bal

Papers

The Predicament of Semiotics

Scenography of Death: Figuration, Focalization and Finding Out

The Rhetoric of Justification

Extranjerías, or How to Exit Cultural Autism

Cultuur en macht