Milda Eimonte

Bio: Milda Eimonte is an academic researcher from Lithuanian Sports University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Proinflammatory cytokine & Hypothermia. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 2 publications receiving 3 citations.

Residual effects of short-term whole-body cold-water immersion on the cytokine profile, white blood cell count, and blood markers of stress

Abstract: Background: One of the most challenging environmental extremes is immersion in cold/icy water, and consequent common assumption is that even a brief exposure to cold can lead to cold-related illnes...

Residual effects of short-term whole-body cold-water immersion on the cytokine profile, white blood cell count, and blood markers of stress

Abstract: Background: One of the most challenging environmental extremes is immersion in cold/icy water, and consequent common assumption is that even a brief exposure to cold can lead to cold-related illnes...

Exposure to acute noxious heat evokes a cardiorespiratory shock response in humans

Abstract: Abstract Background: Noxious acute cold stimuli cause cold shock via the sympathetic nervous system. However, no studies have investigated respiratory “heat shock” in response to noxious acute heat stimuli (≥ 42 °C). Methods: In the present study, we examined whether short-duration whole-body immersion (for 5 min) in noxious hot water (45 °C) is a sufficient stimulus to induce a respiratory acute shock response. Results and conclusion: Our results indicate that short-duration whole-body immersion in noxious 45 °C water produces a significantly greater body temperature, heart rate, and perceptual and respiratory strain than immersion in innocuous warm 37 °C water (p < .05). The initial first minute of hot water immersion (HWI) at 45 °C (vs. immersion at 37 °C) caused a cardiorespiratory shock response, which manifested as acute hyperventilation, and increased ventilatory tidal volume, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate (p < .05). Adjustment to this initial respiratory heat shock response within the first minute of immersion was observed as compared with remaining HWI time (1–5 min). Intriguingly, the time-course kinetics of breathing frequency, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide washout did not differ between whole-body immersion at 37 °C and immersion at 45 °C, but were higher than in control thermoneutral conditions of an empty bath (p < .05). This may be because of events initiated not only by the water temperature but also by the change in the hydrostatic pressure acting upon the body when immersed in the water bath.

Functional Impact of Post-exercise Cooling and Heating on Recovery and Training Adaptations: Application to Resistance, Endurance, and Sprint Exercise

Abstract: The application of post-exercise cooling (e.g., cold water immersion) and post-exercise heating has become a popular intervention which is assumed to increase functional recovery and may improve chronic training adaptations. However, the effectiveness of such post-exercise temperature manipulations remains uncertain. The aim of this comprehensive review was to analyze the effects of post-exercise cooling and post-exercise heating on neuromuscular function (maximal strength and power), fatigue resistance, exercise performance, and training adaptations. We focused on three exercise types (resistance, endurance and sprint exercises) and included studies investigating (1) the early recovery phase, (2) the late recovery phase, and (3) repeated application of the treatment. We identified that the primary benefit of cooling was in the early recovery phase (< 1 h post-exercise) in improving fatigue resistance in hot ambient conditions following endurance exercise and possibly enhancing the recovery of maximal strength following resistance exercise. The primary negative impact of cooling was with chronic exposure which impaired strength adaptations and decreased fatigue resistance following resistance training intervention (12 weeks and 4-12 weeks, respectively). In the early recovery phase, cooling could also impair sprint performance following sprint exercise and could possibly reduce neuromuscular function immediately after endurance exercise. Generally, no benefits of acute cooling were observed during the 24-72-h recovery period following resistance and endurance exercises, while it could have some benefits on the recovery of neuromuscular function during the 24-48-h recovery period following sprint exercise. Most studies indicated that chronic cooling does not affect endurance training adaptations following 4-6 week training intervention. We identified limited data employing heating as a recovery intervention, but some indications suggest promise in its application to endurance and sprint exercise.

The Effect of Submaximal Exercise Followed by Short-Term Cold-Water Immersion on the Inflammatory State in Healthy Recreational Athletes: A Cross-Over Study.

Abstract: Cold-water immersion (CWI) after exercise is a method used by sportsmen to improve recovery. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a 3 min CWI on the inflammatory state by measuring levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and activities of α1-antitrypsin (AAT) and lysosomal enzymes, including arylsulfatase (ASA), acid phosphatase (AcP), and cathepsin D (CTS D), in the blood of healthy recreational athletes. Male volunteers (n = 22, age 25 ± 4.8 yr) performed a 30 min submaximal aerobic exercise, followed by a 20 min rest at room temperature (RT-REST) or a 20 min rest at room temperature with an initial 3 min 8 °C water bath (CWI-REST). Blood samples were taken at baseline, immediately after exercise, and after 20 min of recovery. The IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels and the AAT activity increased significantly immediately after exercise. The IL-6 level was significantly higher after CWI-REST than after RT-REST. No changes in the activities of the lysosomal enzymes were observed. The effect of a 3 min CWI on the level of inflammatory markers during post-exercise recovery was limited. Thus, it might be considered as a widely available method of regeneration for recreational athletes.

The influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with different mechanisms of action on the course of stress reaction, the functional state of kidneys, liver, and heart on the model of acute general cooling

Abstract: Inhibitors of the arachidonic acid cascade have significant potential as the agents for the prevention of severe cold injuries. The results of the previous studies have demonstrated the pronounced frigoprotective properties of certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, primarily diclofenac sodium, etoricoxib, darbufelone mesylate, under the conditions of acute general cooling. The aim of the study: to investigate the effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with various mechanisms of action on the course of the stress reaction, the functional state of the kidneys, liver, and heart using the model of acute general cooling. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out using 35 outbreed male rats weighing 256±5 g. The studied drugs were administered intragastrically 30 minutes before cold injury modelling: diclofenac sodium at a dose of 7 mg/kg, etoricoxib at a dose of 5 mg/kg, darbufelone mesylate at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Acute general cooling was induced by exposure at –18 °C for 2 hours. The efficacy of the studied drugs was evaluated by the values as follows: the body temperature (measured rectally), the course of a stress reaction according to the criteria of “the stress triad”, the functional state of the kidney and liver according to the changes in the blood serum biochemical parameters, the functional state of the heart according to the electrocardiogram. Results: It was found that etoricoxib and darbufelone mesylate, and especially diclofenac sodium, demonstrate frigoprotective properties, reducing the severity of hypothermia, have stress-protective activity and a beneficial effect on the functional state of the kidneys. All investigated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent a decrease in myocardial contractility (by the effect on the systolic index) and lengthening of the QT interval caused by acute cold injury. Diclofenac sodium, unlike etoricoxib and darbufelone mesylate, does not enhance the effect of acute general cooling on intraventricular conduction. Under acute exposure to cold, no significant changes in the functional state of the liver were observed, including the groups receiving the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines. Conclusions: The prophylactic administration of the arachidonic acid cascade inhibitors, especially the non-selective COX-2 inhibitor diclofenac sodium, reduces the severity of the stress response, contributes to the maintenance of the renal and cardiac function. There are no significant changes in the functional state of the liver under conditions of the experiment