Ming-Ho Yu

Bio: Ming-Ho Yu is an academic researcher from Western Washington University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Fluoride & Leucine. The author has an hindex of 20, co-authored 57 publications receiving 1448 citations. Previous affiliations of Ming-Ho Yu include Washington State University & University of Alberta.

Environmental Toxicology: Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants

Abstract: Introduction Study of Environmental Toxicology Importance of Environmental Toxicology as an Area of Science Introduction to this Book Environmental Changes and Health Our Changing Environment Air Pollution Indoor Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil Pollution The Changing Diseases Review Questions References Occurrence of Toxicants Introduction Visible Smoke or Smog Offensive Odors Agricultural Damage Intoxication of Animals Injuries to Humans Chronic and Acute Effects References Toxic Action of Pollutants Introduction Effects on Plants Mammalian Organisms Mechanism of Toxic Action Review Questions References Factors Affecting Xenobiotic Action Introduction Physiological Properties Dose or Concentration Duration and Mode of Exposure Environmental Factors Interaction Biological Factors Nutritional Factors Review Questions References Biotransformation: Metabolism of Xenobiotics Introduction Types of Biotransformation Mechanism of Biotransformation Characteristics of Biotransformation Consequence of Biotransformation Factors Affecting Biotransformation Characteristics of the Cytochrome P450s Review Questions References Responses to Environmental Toxicants Introduction Responses of Plants Responses of Humans and Animals Review Questions References Air Pollution: Inorganic Gases Introduction Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide Ozone Carbon Monoxide Review Questions References Air Pollution: Particulate Matter Introduction Characteristics of Particulate Matter Formation of Particulates Health Effects Silica Beryllium Asbestos Lead Review Questions References Environmental Fluoride Introduction Occurrence and Forms of Fluoride Industrial Sources of Fluoride Pollution Effects on Plants Effects on Animals Effects on Humans Biochemical Effect of Fluoride Nutrition and Fluoride Toxicity Review Questions References Volatile Organic Compounds Introduction Sources Petroleum Hydrocarbons Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Review Questions References Soil and Water Pollution: Environmental Metals and Metalloids Introduction Lead Cadmium Mercury Nickel Arsenic Review Questions References Pesticides and Related Materials Introduction Insecticides Herbicides Polychlorinated Biphenyls Polybrominated Biphenyls Dioxin Review Questions References Occupational Toxicology Introduction Changing Workplace Environment Threshold Limit Values Biological Exposure Indices Respiratory Toxicity Other Occupational Diseases Caused by Toxic Substances Recent Chemicals of Concern Review Questions References Endocrine Disruption Introduction Review of Hormonal Function Characteristics of Endocrine Disrupters Mode of Action Examples of Endocrine Disruption Hormonal Cancers Testing Estrogenicity Review Questions References Mutagenic Pollutants Introduction Types of Mutation Effects of Mutation Induction of Mutation Review Questions References Environmental Cancer Introduction Causes of Cancer Three Stages in the Development of Cancer Metastasis Classification of Carcinogens Metabolism of Chemical Carcinogens Respiratory Cancer Death Rates DNA Repair Review Questions References Appendix 1: Ecological Risk Assessment Appendix 2: 11th Report on Carcinogens Appendix 3: List of Cigarette Smoke Carcinogens Appendix 4: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Nomenclature Index

Introduction to Environmental Toxicology: Impacts of Chemicals Upon Ecological Systems

Abstract: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND ITS ROLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION MAKING Environmental Toxicology as an Interdisciplinary Science A Brief History of and Organizations in Environmental Toxicology Interactions and Connections of Environmental Toxicology to the Management of Ecological Systems Legislation Use of Models in Environmental Science Introduction to the Textbook References Study Questions A FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Classical Viewpoint for Classifying Toxicological Effects Alternative Framework Incorporating Complexity Theory Spatial and Temporal Scales Combining Scale and Ecological Dynamics:The Hierarchical Patch Dynamic Paradigm References and Suggested Readings Study Questions AN INTRODUCTION TO TOXICITY TESTING The Dose-Response Curve Standard Methods Classification of Toxicity Tests Design Parameters for Single Species Toxicity Tests Overview of Available Statistical Methods for the Evaluation of Single-Species Toxicity Tests The Design of Multispecies Toxicity Tests Summary of Design Guidelines for Multispecies Toxicity Tests References and Suggested Readings Study Questions SURVEY AND REVIEW OF TYPICAL TOXICITY TEST METHODS Single Species Toxicity Tests Animal Care and Use Considerations Multispecies Toxicity Tests Summary References and Suggested Readings Study Questions Appendix: The Natural History and Utilization of Test Species ROUTES OF EXPOSURE AND MODES OF ACTION The Damage Process Atmospheric Pollutants and Plants Mechanisms of Action Common Modes of Action in Detail Introduction to QSAR Receptor Mediated Toxicity, Endocrine Disruption, and a Mechanistic SAR Analysis of PCB Toxicity References and Suggested Readings Study Questions FACTORS MODIFYING THE ACTIVITY OF TOXICANTS Introduction Physicochemical Properties of Pollutants Environmental Factors Interaction of Pollutants Toxicity of Mixtures Mixture Estimation System 11 Estimating the Toxicity of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Biological Factors Affecting Toxicity References and Suggested Readings Study Questions INORGANIC GASEOUS POLLUTANTS Sulfur Oxides Nitrogen Oxides Ozone Carbon Monoxide References and Suggested Readings FLUORIDE AS A CONTAMINANT OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES Environmental Sources and Forms Of Fluoride Industrial Sources of Fluoride Pollution Effects On Plants Effects on Animals Effects On Human Health Biochemical Effect References and Suggested Readings Study Questions HEAVY METALS Lead Cadmium Mercury Study Questions References and Suggested Readings BIOTRANSFORMATION, DETOXIFICATION, AND BIODEGRADATION Introduction Metabolism of Environmental Chemicals: Biotransformation Microbial Degradation Bioremediation Isolation and Engineering of Degradative Organisms The Genetics of Degradative Elements An Example of a Detoxification Enzyme-the OPA Anhydrolases References and Suggested Readings Study Questions Measuring and Predicting the Responses of Ecological Systems to Toxicants Introduction Measurement of Ecological Effects at Various Levels of Biological Organization Molecular and Physiological Indicators of Chemical Stress Biomarkers Population Parameters Assemblage and Community Parameters Interpretation of effects at the Population, Community and Ecosystem Levels of Organization Community and Ecosystem Effects Application of Multivariate Techniques Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance Interpretation of Ecosystem Level Impacts An Alternative Model: The Community Conditioning Hypothesis The Problem of the Reference Site References and Suggested Readings Study Questions ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT Introduction Basics of Risk Assessment Ecological Risk Assessment Ecological Risk Assessment Framework Risk Characterization Developments in Ecological Risk Assessment A Ranking Approach to Multiple Stressor, Wide Area Ecological Risk Assessment A General Model For Regional Risk Assessment - The Ten Steps Life Cycle Assessment as a Decision Making Tool References and Suggested Readings Study Questions Appendices Index

Introduction to Environmental Toxicology

Abstract: Introduction to environmental toxicology , Introduction to environmental toxicology , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

Efficiency of iron extraction from soil by mugineic acid family phytosiderophores

Abstract: Several chelators Including EDTA, DTPA, deferriferrioxamine B (FOB), mugineic acid (MA), and 2'‐deoxymugineic acid (DMA) were tested for their ability to extract Fe from different soil samples. MA and DMA exhibited the highest efficiency of Fe extraction, especially at alkaline pH. Other chelators proved to be poor in solubilizing Fe; EDTA and DTPA solubilized either Al or Ca preferentially depending on the soil pH, while FOB extracted mainly Al at both acid and alkaline pH's. Mugineic acids, while proved highly efficient in extracting Fe from calcareous, high pH soils, appeared vulnerable to microbial decomposition.

Quality and nutritional composition of tomato fruit as influenced by certain biochemical and physiological changes

Abstract: The chemical contituents are concerned in the quality of tomato fruit in respect to color, texture, flavor, nutritive value, and wholesomeness. In general, high sugar contents, redness of color, and firm texture are associated with prominence of rich flavor. Biochemical changes as influenced by growth, maturation, and environment of tomato fruit are discussed.

Plant L‐ascorbic acid: chemistry, function, metabolism, bioavailability and effects of processing

Abstract: Humans are unable to synthesise L-ascorbic acid (L-AA, ascorbate, vitamin C), and are thus entirely dependent upon dietary sources to meet needs. In both plant and animal metabolism, the biological functions of L-ascorbic acid are centred around the antioxidant properties of this molecule. Considerable evidence has been accruing in the last two decades of the importance of L-AA in protecting not only the plant from oxidative stress, but also mammals from various chronic diseases that have their origins in oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that the plasma levels of L-AA in large sections of the population are sub-optimal for the health protective effects of this vitamin. Until quite recently, little focus has been given to improving the L-AA content of plant foods, either in terms of the amounts present in commercial crop varieties, or in minimising losses prior to ingestion. Further, while L-AA biosynthesis in animals was elucidated in the 1960s, 1 it is only very recently that a distinct biosynthetic route for plants has been proposed. 2 The characterisation of this new pathway will undoubtedly provide the necessary focus and impetus to enable fundamental questions on plant L-AA metabolism to be resolved. This review focuses on the role of L-AA in metabolism and the latest studies regarding its bio- synthesis, tissue compartmentalisation, turnover and catabolism. These inter-relationships are considered in relation to the potential to improve the L-AA content of crops. Methodology for the reliable analysis of L-AA in plant foods is briefly reviewed. The concentrations found in common food sources and the effects of processing, or storage prior to consumption are discussed. Finally the factors that determine the bioavailability of L-AA and how it may be improved are considered, as well as the most important future research needs. # 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review on the Status and Stress Effects

Abstract: ‘Water is life,’ so central to human life, yet over one billion people across the world have no access to safe drinking water. Of late, there has been increasing global attention focused on resolving water quality problems especially in developing countries, as the lack of access to clean water denies the most essential of all rights, the right to life. The latest estimates suggest that around 200 million people, from among 25 nations the world over, are under the dreadful fate of fluorosis. India and China, the two most populous countries of the world, are the worst affected. India is plagued with numerous water quality problems due to prolific contaminants mainly of geogenic origin and fluoride stands first among them. The weathering of primary rocks and leaching of fluoride-containing minerals in soils yield fluoride rich groundwater in India which is generally associated with low calcium content and high bicarbonate ions. The unfettered ground water tapping exacerbates the failure of drinking water so...

Fluoride in Drinking-Water

Abstract: Fluoride is known to occur at elevated concentrations in a number of parts of the world where it can be a significant cause of disease. The primary focus of Fluoride in Drinking Water is the prevention of adverse health effects from excessive levels of fluoride in drinking water. The book fills the urgent need, identified for updating the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, for information on the occurrence of fluoride, its health effects, ways of reducing excess levels and methods for analysis of fluoride in water. The draft document, produced by a working group of experts convened to consider protection from fluoride and its control, was issued for extensive review and consultation. The resultant book, which incorporates the comments received, was further peer review by experts in developed and developing countries. It is aimed at a wide range of individuals, including health workers and sanitary engineers who may require a broad introduction to the subject with more detailed guidance in some specific areas. Fluoride in Drinking-water will be an invaluable reference source for all those concerned with the management of drinking-water containing fluoride and the health effects arising from its consumption, including water sector managers and practitioners as well as health sector staff at policy and implementation levels. It will also be of interest to researchers, students, and development workers and consultants. Contents Introduction Environmental occurrence, geochemistry and exposure Human health effects Guidelines and standards Removal of excessive fluoride Analytical methods Country data on dental and skeletal fluorosis associated with exposure to fluoride through drinking water Appendix: Indices of severity of dental fluorosis

Micronutrient Nutrition of Plants

Abstract: Currently, there are eight trace elements considered to be essential for higher plants, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, B, Mo, and Cl. Possibly, other elements will be discovered to be essential because of recent advances in nutrient solution culture techniques and in the commercial availability of highly sensitive analytical instrumentation for elemental analysis. Much remains to be learned about the physiology of micronutrient absorption, translocation and deposition in plants, and about the functions they perform in plant growth and development. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge of micronutrients in plants and than presents some new speculations on the mechanisms of micronutrient uptake and translocation in plants.