INTRODUCTION. Internal Organization of the Plant Body. Summary of Types of Cells and Tissues. General References. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED PLANT. The Embryo. From embryo to the Adult Plant. Apical Meristems and Their Derivatives. Differentiation, Specialization, and Morphogenesis. References. THE CELL. Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Plastids. Mitochondria. Microbodies. Vacuoles. Paramural Bodies. Ribosomes. Dictyosomes. Endoplasmic Reticulum. Lipid Globules. Microtubules. Ergastic Substances. References. CELL WALL. Macromolecular Components and Their Organization in the Wall. Cell Wall Layers. Intercellular Spaces. Pits, Primary Pit--Fields, and Plasmodesmata. Origin of Cell Wall During Cell Division. Growth of Cell Wall. References. PARENCHYMA AND COLLENCHYMA. Parenchyma. Collenchyma. References. SCLERENCHYMA. Sclereids. Fibers. Development of Sclereids and Fibers. References. EPIDERMIS. Composition. Developmental Aspects. Cell Wall. Stomata. Trichomes. References. XYLEM: GENERAL STRUCTURE AND CELL TYPES. Gross Structure of Secondary Xylem. Cell Types in the Secondary Xylem. Primary Xylem. Differentiation of Tracheary Elements. References. XYLEM: VARIATION IN WOOD STRUCTURE. Conifer Wood. Dicotyledon Wood. Some Factors in Development of Secondary Xylem. Identification of Wood. References. VASCULAR CAMBIUM. Organization of Cambium. Developmental Changes in the Initial Layer. Patterns and Causal Relations in Cambial Activity. References. PHLOEM. Cell Types. Primary Phloem. Secondary Phloem. References. PERIDERM. Structure of Periderm and Related Tissues. Development of Periderm. Outer Aspect of Bark in Relation to Structure. Lenticels. References. SECRETORY STRUCTURES. External Secretory Structures. Internal Secretory Structures. References. THE ROOT: PRIMARY STATE OF GROWTH. Types of Roots. Primary Structure. Development. References. THE ROOT: SECONDARY STATE OF GROWTH AND ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS. Common Types of Secondary Growth. Variations in Secondary Growths. Physiologic Aspects of Secondary Growth in Roots. Adventitious Roots. References. THE STEM: PRIMARY STATE OF GROWTH. External Morphology. Primary Structure. Development. References. THE STEM: SECONDARY GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL TYPES. Secondary Growth. Types of Stems. References. THE LEAF: BASIC STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT. Morphology. Histology of Angiosperm Leaf. Development. Abscission. References. THE LEAF: VARIATIONS IN STRUCTURE. Leaf Structure and Environment. Dicotyledon Leaves. Monocotyledon Leaves. Gymnosperm Leaves. References. THE FLOWER: STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT. Concept. Structure. Development. References. THE FLOWER: REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE. Microsporogenesis. Pollen. Male Gametophyte. Megasporogenesis. Female Gametophyte. Fertilization. References. THE FRUIT. Concept and Classification. The Fruit Wall. Fruit Types. Fruit Growths. Fruit Abscission. References. THE SEED. Concept and Morphology. Seed Development. Seed Coat. Nutrient Storage Tissues. References. EMBRYO AND SEEDLING. Mature Embryo. Development of Embryo. Classification of Embryos. Seedling. References. Glossary. Index.

Anatomy of Seed Plants

Handbook of palynology

Our attempt at putatively phylogenetic classifications of Angiospermae, considering our vast ignorance of more than 120 million years of evolution of the class, must be very tentative and elastic to make full use of the new approaches and new data constantly being made available to us. Some of the realignments thus required in my system of classification are here explained. Among others, the Paeoniales are recognized and include Glaucidiaceae; various shifts of families are made within Thei–florae–Violiflorae–Malviflorae; Thymelaeaceae and Simmondsiaceae are transferred to Euphorbiales; Emblingiaceae, Gyrostemonaceae and Bataceae are added to Sapindineae; Fabineae, with Connaraceae, Surianaceae and Fabaceae, are transferred to Rutiflorae; Proteiflorae are placed near Rutiflorae, especially Fabineae; the largely Australasian–African Pittosporales are explained; Cornaceae are severely pruned; Haemodoraceae and Velloziaceae are transferred to Commelinales; Arecales, Cyclanthales and Pandanales are separated into unrelated superorders; and Typhiflorae are moved into closer proximity with Commeliniflorae.

Proposed new realignments in the angiosperms

Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy: Angiosperms

Evaluation of antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts of Carissa opaca fruits.

Flora of Pakistan

A micromorphological study of some representative genera in the tribe saturejeae lamiaceae

The cypsela morphology of 22 species of lnula L. (s.str.) and its allied genera (Per~rc~r~errzu Cass., Duhaldea DC., Dittrichio Greuter and Iphiorlu Cass.) was examined from Pakistan and Kashmir. Micromorphological characters of cypselae in this group also support the taxono~nic decision, except that of the genera lrzula L., and Duhaldeo DC., which have quite similar type of cypselae and both are placed in one cypselae type which points out the close relationship of both genera as compared to the other genera of this group.

Cypsela morphology of znula l. (s.str.) and its allied genera (inuleae-compositae) from pakistan and kashmir

The pollen morphology of 11 species representing 5 genera of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae from Pakistan was examined by light and scanning electron microscope. Caesalpinioideae is ± a eurypalynous subfamily. The pollen grains are generallly radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate and triangular-trilobed. The tectum is commonly reticulate-rugulate or fossulate-foveolate, and often striate. The pollen morphology of the subfamily is significantly useful at the generic and specific levels. On the basis of apocolpium, mesocolpium and tectum features, three pollen types were recongnized, namely, B auhinia variegata - type , Caesalpinia pulcherrima - type and Senna holosericea - type.

https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issues/bot-98-22-3/bot-22-3-1-97035.pdf

Pollen Flora of Pakistan - X. Leguminosae(Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae)

Pollen morphology of 77 species belonging to 36 genera of the family Brassicaceae from Pakistan has been examined by light and scanning electron microscope. Pollen grains are usually radially symmetrical, isopolar sub-prolate to prolate, or prolate-spheroidal rarely oblate-spheroidal, tricolpate rarely 4-8 colpate. Sexine thinner or thicker than nexine. Tectum fine to coarsely reticulate with more or less regular pattern of muri or reticulate – rugulate. On the basis of tectal surface four distinct pollen types are recognized viz., Arabis bijuga-type, Farsetia ramosissimatype, Draba lanceolata –type and Erysimum melicentae – type.

Mohammad Qaiser

Papers

Flora of Pakistan

A micromorphological study of some representative genera in the tribe saturejeae lamiaceae

Cypsela morphology of znula l. (s.str.) and its allied genera (inuleae-compositae) from pakistan and kashmir

Pollen Flora of Pakistan - X. Leguminosae(Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae)

Pollen flora of pakistan -xlii. brassicaceae