M
Mohsen Naghavi
Researcher at Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Publications - 454
Citations - 234507
Mohsen Naghavi is an academic researcher from Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Mortality rate. The author has an hindex of 139, co-authored 381 publications receiving 169048 citations. Previous affiliations of Mohsen Naghavi include Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust & Public Health Foundation of India.
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Journal ArticleDOI
Injury incidence, healthcare consumption and avenues for prevention: a household survey on injury in rural Twiserkan, Iran
TL;DR: In the rural area studied, the incidence of injuries is high, and injuries affecting children and males are more severe, and many of these are related to traffic and falls.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adolescent health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study
Ali H. Mokdad,Peter Azzopardi,Karly Cini,Elissa Kennedy,Susan M Sawyer,Charbel El Bcheraoui,Raghid Charara,Ibrahim A Khalil,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Michael Collison,Rima Afifi,Jamela Al-Raiby,Kristopher J Krohn,Farah Daoud,Adrienne Chew,Ashkan Afshin,Kyle J Foreman,Nicholas J Kassebaum,Michael Kutz,Hmwe H Kyu,Patrick Liu,Helen E Olsen,Alison Smith,Jeffrey D. Stanaway,Haidong Wang,Johan Ärnlöv,Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri,Khurshid Alam,Deena Alasfoor,Raghib Ali,Reza Alizadeh-Navaei,Rajaa Al-Raddadi,Khalid A Altirkawi,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Nahla Anber,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Al Artaman,Hamid Asayesh,Suzanne Barker-Collo,Neeraj Bedi,Ettore Beghi,Derrick A Bennett,Isabela M. Benseñor,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Zahid A Butt,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Ferrán Catalá-López,Fiona J Charlson,Hadi Danawi,Diego De Leo,Louisa Degenhardt,Donna M. Denno,Kebede Deribe,Don C. Des Jarlais,Subhojit Dey,Samath D Dharmaratne,Shirin Djalalinia,Holly E. Erskine,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Alize J. Ferrari,Florian Fischer,Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Philimon Gona,Harish Chander Gugnani,Rajeev Gupta,Randah R. Hamadeh,Samer Hamidi,Josep Maria Haro,Roderick J. Hay,Stephen Hearps,Delia Hendrie,Peter J. Hotez,Guoqing Hu,Jost B. Jonas,André Karch,Seyed M Karimi,Amir Kasaeian,Seifu Kebede,Andre Pascal Kengne,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Ardeshir Khosravi,Jagdish Khubchandani,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Jacek A. Kopec,Soewarta Kosen,Heidi J. Larson,Anders Larsson,Janet L Leasher,Janni Leung,Yongmei Li,Paulo A. Lotufo,Raimundas Lunevicius,Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek,Reza Majdzadeh,Azeem Majeed,Peter Memiah,Ziad A. Memish,Walter Mendoza,Francis Apolinary Mhimbira,Ted R. Miller,Philip B. Mitchell,Lorenzo Monasta,Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer,In-Hwan Oh,Bolajoko O. Olusanya,Alberto Ortiz,Eun-Kee Park,Matti Parry,David M. Pereira,Michael R. Phillips,Farshad Pourmalek,Mostafa Qorbani,Amir Radfar,Anwar Rafay,Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar,Rajesh Kumar Rai,Saleem M Rana,David Laith Rawaf,Salman Rawaf,Nicola J. Reavley,Andre M. N. Renzaho,Satar Rezaei,Mohammad Sadegh-Rezai,Diego Ríos-Zertuche,Gholamreza Roshandel,Dietrich Rothenbacher,Mahdi Safdarian,Sare Safi,Saeid Safiri,Mohammad Ali Sahraian,Payman Salamati,Abdallah M. Samy,Juan Sanabria,Damian Santomauro,Benn Sartorius,David C. Schwebel,Soraya Seedat,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Tesfaye Setegn,Amira Shaheen,Masood Ali Shaikh,Rahman Shiri,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Jasvinder A. Singh,Badr Hasan Sobaih,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader,Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi,Mohamad-Hani Temsah,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Alan J Thomson,Marcello Tonelli,Roman Topor-Madry,Bach Xuan Tran,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Olalekan A. Uthman,Tommi Vasankari,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Andrea Werdecker,Harvey Whiteford,Yuichiro Yano,Mehdi Yaseri,Naohiro Yonemoto,Mustafa Z. Younis,Chuanhua Yu,Aisha O. Jumaan,Theo Vos,Simon I. Hay,Mohsen Naghavi,George C Patton,Christopher J L Murray +176 more
TL;DR: Even with the return of peace and security, adolescents in the East Mediterranean Region will have a persisting poor health profile that will pose a barrier to socioeconomic growth and development of the EMR.
Journal ArticleDOI
Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Hmwe H Kyu,Avina Vongpradith,Sarah Brooke Sirota,Amanda Novotney,Christopher Troeger,Matthew C. Doxey,Rose G Bender,Jorge R. Ledesma,Molly H Biehl,Samuel B. Albertson,Joseph Frostad,Katrin Burkart,Fiona B. Bennitt,Jeff T. Zhao,William M. Gardner,Hailey Hagins,Dana Bryazka,Regina-Mae Dominguez,Semagn Mekonnen Abate,Michael Abdelmasseh,Amir Abdoli,Gholamreza Abdoli,Aidin Abedi,Vida Abedi,T. Abegaz,Hassan Abidi,Richard Gyan Aboagye,Hassan Abolhassani,Yonas Derso Abtew,Hiwa Abubaker Ali,Eman Abu-Gharbieh,Ahmed Abu-Zaid,Kidist Adamu,I. Y. Addo,Oyelola A. Adegboye,Mohammad Adnan,Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani,Muhammad Sohail Afzal,Saira Afzal,Bright Opoku Ahinkorah,Aqeel Ahmad,Araz Ramazan Ahmad,Sajjad Ahmad,Ali Ahmadi,Sepideh Ahmadi,Haroon Ahmed,Jivan Qasim Ahmed,Tarik Ahmed Rashid,Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi,Hanadi Khamis Al Hamad,Luciana Albano,Mamoon A. Aldeyab,Bezatu Mengistie Alemu,Kefyalew Addis Alene,Abdelazeem M. Algammal,Fadwa Alhalaiqa,Robert Kaba Alhassan,Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali,Liaqat Ali,Musa Mohammed Ali,Syed Shujait Ali,Yousef Alimohamadi,Vahid Alipour,Adel Al-Jumaily,Syed Mohamed Aljunid,Sami Almustanyir,Rajaa Al-Raddadi,Rami H. Al-Rifai,Saif Aldeen AlRyalat,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk,Edward Kwabena Ameyaw,Javad Aminian Dehkordi,John H Amuasi,Dickson A. Amugsi,Etsay Woldu Anbesu,Adnan Ansar,Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor,Jalal Arabloo,Demelash B. Areda,Ayele M Argaw,Zeleke Argaw,Judie Arulappan,Raphael Taiwo Aruleba,Mulusew Andualem Asemahagn,Seyyed Shamsadin Athari,Daniel Atlaw,Engi F. Attia,Sameh Attia,Avinash Aujayeb,Tewachew Awoke,Tegegn Mulatu Ayana,Martin Amogre Ayanore,S. Azadnajafabad,Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy,Samad Azari,Amirhossein Azari Jafari,Muhammad Rashid Badar,Ashish Badiye,Nayereh Baghcheghi,S. Bagherieh,Atif Amin Baig,Maciej Banach,Indrajit Banerjee,Mainak Bardhan,Francesco Barone-Adesi,Hiba Jawdat Barqawi,Amadou Barrow,Azadeh Bashiri,Quique Bassat,Abdul-Monim Batiha,Abate Bekele Belachew,Melaku Ashagrie Belete,Uzma Belgaumi,Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula,Nikha Bhardwaj,Pankaj Bhardwaj,Parth Bhatt,Vijayalakshmi Sitanadhi Bhojaraja,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Soumitra S. Bhuyan,Ali Bijani,Saeid Bitaraf,Belay Boda Abule Bodicha,Nikolay Ivanovich Briko,Danilo Buonsenso,Muhammad Hammad Butt,Jiao Cai,Paulo Camargos,L.A. Cámera,Promit Ananyo Chakraborty,Muluken Genetu Chanie,Jaykaran Charan,Vijay Kumar Chattu,Patrick R Ching,Sun Choi,Yuen Yu Chong,Sonali G. Choudhari,Enayet K. Chowdhury,Devasahayam J. Christopher,Dinh-Toi Chu,Natalie L. Cobb,Aaron Cohen,Natália Cruz-Martins,Omid Dadras,Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw,Xiaochen Dai,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,An Thi Minh Dao,Sisay Abebe Debela,Biniyam Demisse,Fitsum Wolde Demisse,S. S. Demissie,Diriba Dereje,Hardik D Desai,Abebaw Alemayehu Desta,Belay Desye,Sameer Dhingra,Nancy Diao,Daniel Diaz,Lankamo Ena Digesa,Linh Phuong Doan,Milad Dodangeh,Deepa Dongarwar,Fariba Dorostkar,Wendel Mombaque dos Santos,Haneil Larson Dsouza,Eleonora Dubljanin,Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye,Hisham Atan Edinur,Elham Ehsani-Chimeh,Ebrahim Eini,Michael Ekholuenetale,Temitope C. Ekundayo,Eman D EL Desouky,Iman El Sayed,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Muhammed Elhadi,Ahmed Elkhapery,Amir Emami,Luchuo Engelbert Bain,Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar,Farshid Etaee,Mohamad Ezati Asar,Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe,Shahab Falahi,Aida Fallahzadeh,Anwar Faraj,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Ali Fatehizadeh,Pietro Ferrara,Allegra Ferrari,Getahun Fetensa,Florian Fischer,Joanne Flavel,Masoud Foroutan,Peter Gaal,Abhay Gaidhane,Santosh Gaihre,Nasrin Galehdar,Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro,Tushar Garg,Mesfin Gebrehiwot,Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael,Yibeltal Yismaw Gela,Belete Negese Belete Gemeda,Bradford D. Gessner,Melaku Nigus Getachew,Asmare Getie,Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari,Mohammad Ghasemi Nour,Ahmad Ghashghaee,Ali Gholamrezanezhad,Abdolmajid Gholizadeh,Rakesh Ghosh,Sherief Ghozy,Pouya Goleij,Mohamad Golitaleb,Giuseppe Boriani,Alessandra C. Goulart,Girma Garedew Goyomsa,Habtamu Alganeh Guadie,Zewdie Gudisa,Rashid Abdi Guled,Sapna Satish Gupta,Veera Gupta,Vivek K. Gupta,Alemu Guta,Parham Habibzadeh,Arvin Haj-Mirzaian,Rabih Halwani,Samer Hamidi,Md. Abdul Hannan,Mehdi Harorani,Ahmed I. Hasaballah,Hamid Hasani,Abbas M. Hassan,Shokoufeh Hassani,Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam,Hadi Hassankhani,Khezar Hayat,Behzad Heibati,Mohammad Heidari,D. Heyi,Kamal Hezam,Ramesh Holla,Sung Hwi Hong,Nobuyuki Horita,Mohammad-Salar Hosseini,Mehdi Hosseinzadeh,Mihaela Hostiuc,Mowafa Househ,Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh,Junjie Huang,Nawfal R Hussein,Ivo Iavicoli,Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye,Kevin S Ikuta,Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi,Irena Ilic,Milena Ilic,Mustapha Immurana,Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail,Masao Iwagami,Jalil Jaafari,Elham Jamshidi,Sung In Jang,Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani,Tahereh Javaheri,Fatemeh Javanmardi,Javad Javidnia,Sathish Kumar Jayapal,Umesh Jayarajah,Shubha Jayaram,Alelign Tasew Jema,Wonjeong Jeong,Jost B. Jonas,Nitin Joseph,Farahnaz Joukar,Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak,V. K,Zubair Kabir,Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi,Vidya Kadashetti,Laleh R. Kalankesh,Rohollah Kalhor,Ashwin Kamath,Bhushan Dattatray Kamble,Himal Kandel,T. Kanko,Ibraheem M. Karaye,André Karch,Samad Karkhah,Bekalu Getnet Kassa,Patrick D. M. C. Katoto,Harkiran Kaur,Rimple Jeet Kaur,Leila Keikavoosi-Arani,Mohammad Keykhaei,Yousef Khader,Himanshu Khajuria,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Gulfaraz Khan,Imteyaz Ahmad Khan,Maseer Khan,Md. Nuruzzaman Khan,Moien Ab Khan,Yusra Habib Khan,Moawiah Khatatbeh,M Khosravifar,Jagdish Khubchandani,Min Seo Kim,Ruth W Kimokoti,Adnan Kisa,Sezer Kisa,Niranjan Kissoon,Luke D. Knibbs,Sonali Kochhar,Farzad Kompani,Hamid Reza Koohestani,Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov,Soewarta Kosen,Parvaiz A Koul,Ai Koyanagi,Kewal Krishan,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,G Anil Kumar,Om P Kurmi,A. Kuttikkattu,Dharmesh Kumar Lal,Judit Lám,Iván Landires,Caterina Ledda,Sang-Woong Lee,Miriam Levi,Sonia Lewycka,Gang Liu,Wei W. Liu,Rakesh Lodha,László Lorenzovici,Mojgan Lotfi,Joana A. Loureiro,Farzan Madadizadeh,Ata Mahmoodpoor,Razzagh Mahmoudi,Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh,Jamal Majidpoor,Alaa Makki,Elaheh Malakan Rad,Ahmad Azam Malik,Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi,Yosef Manla,Clara Matei,Alexander G. Mathioudakis,Richard J. Maude,Entezar Mehrabi Nasab,Addisu Melese,Ziad A. Memish,Oliver Mendoza-Cano,Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis,Tuomo J. Meretoja,Mehari Woldemariam Merid,Tomislav Mestrovic,Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá,Gelana Fekadu Mijena,Le H. Minh,Shabir Ahmad Mir,Reza Mirfakhraie,Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni,Agha Zeeshan Mirza,Moonis Mirza,Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari,Abay Sisay Misganaw,Awoke Misganaw,Esmaeil Mohammadi,Mokhtar Mohammadi,Arif Shareef Mohammed,Shafiu Mohammed,S. Mohan,Mohammad Mohseni,Nagabhishek Moka,Ali H. Mokdad,Sara Momtazmanesh,Lorenzo Monasta,Mohammad Moniruzzaman,Fatemeh Montazeri,Catrin E. Moore,Abdolvahab Moradi,Lidia Morawska,Jonathan F. Mosser,E Mostafavi,Majid Motaghinejad,Haleh Mousavi Isfahani,Seyed Ali Mousavi-Aghdas,Sumaira Mubarik,Efrén Murillo-Zamora,Ghulam Mustafa,Sanjeev Nair,Tapas Sadasivan Nair,Houshang Najafi,Atta Abbas Naqvi,Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy,Zuhair S. Natto,Biswa Prakash Nayak,Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi,H. Nguyen,Robina Niazi,Antonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sá,Hasti Nouraei,Ali A. Nowroozi,Virginia Núñez-Samudio,Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam,Ogochukwu Nzoputam,Bogdan Oancea,C Ochir,Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya,Hassan Okati-Aliabad,Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle,Osaretin Christabel Okonji,Andrew T Olagunju,Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa,Ahmed Omar Bali,Emad Omer,Eyal Oren,Erika Ota,Nikita Otstavnov,Abderrahim Oulhaj,Mahesh P A,Jagadish Rao Padubidri,Keyvan Pakshir,Reza Pakzad,Tamás Palicz,Anamika Pandey,Suman Pant,Shahina Pardhan,Eun Cheol Park,Eun-Kee Park,Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan,Rajan Bahadur Paudel,Shrikant Pawar,Min Peng,Gavin Pereira,Simone Perna,Navaraj Perumalsamy,Ionela-Roxana Petcu,David M. Pigott,Zahra Zahid Piracha,Vivek Podder,Roman V. Polibin,Maarten J. Postma,Hamid Pourasghari,N Pourtaheri,Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir,Mathieu Raad,Mohammad Rabiee,Navid Rabiee,Saber Raeghi,Alireza Rafiei,Fakher Rahim,Mehran Rahimi,Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar,Azizur Rahman,Md. Obaidur Rahman,Mosiur Rahman,Muhammad Aziz Rahman,Amir Masoud Rahmani,Vahid Rahmanian,Pradhum Ram,Kiana Ramezanzadeh,Juwel Rana,Priyanga Ranasinghe,Usha Rani,Sowmya J. Rao,Sina Rashedi,Mohammad Mahdi Rashidi,Azad Rasul,Zubair Ahmed Ratan,David Laith Rawaf,Salman Rawaf,Reza Rawassizadeh,Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia,Elrashdy M. Redwan,Marissa B Reitsma,Andre M. N. Renzaho,Mohsen Rezaeian,Abanoub Riad,Reza Rikhtegar,Jefferson A. Buendía Rodriguez,Emma L.B. Rogowski,Luca Ronfani,Kristina E. Rudd,Basema Saddik,Erfan Sadeghi,Umar Saeed,Azam Safary,Sher Zaman Safi,Maryam Sahebazzamani,Amirhossein Sahebkar,Sateesh Sakhamuri,Sana Salehi,Muhammad Salman,Hossein Samadi Kafil,Abdallah M. Samy,Milena Santric-Milicevic,Bruno Piassi Sao Jose,Maryam Sarkhosh,Brijesh Sathian,Monika Sawhney,Ganesh Kumar Saya,Abdul-Aziz Seidu,Allen Seylani,Amira Shaheen,Masood Ali Shaikh,Elaheh Shaker,Hina Shamshad,M. Sharew,Asaad Sharhani,Azam Sharifi,Purva Sharma,Ali Sheidaei,Suchitra M Shenoy,Jeevan K. Shetty,Damtew Solomon Shiferaw,Mika Shigematsu,Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski,K M Shivakumar,Siddharudha Shivalli,Parnian Shobeiri,Wudneh Simegn,Colin R Simpson,Harpreet Singh,Jasvinder A. Singh,Paramdeep Singh,Samarjeet Siwal,Valentin Yurievich Skryabin,Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina,Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar,Suhang Song,Yimeng Song,Prashant Sood,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Paschalis Steiropoulos,Muhammad Suleman,Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh,Alireza Tahamtan,M. Taheri,Moslem Taheri Soodejani,Elahe Taki,Iman M. Talaat,Mircea Tampa,Sarmila Tandukar,Nathan Y Tat,Vivian Tat,Yibekal Manaye Tefera,Gebremaryam Temesgen,Mohamad-Hani Temsah,Azene Tesfaye,Degefa Tesfaye,Belay Tessema,Rekha Thapar,Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu,Amir Tiyuri,Imad I Tleyjeh,Munkhsaikhan Togtmol,Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone,Derara Girma Tufa,Irfan Ullah,Era Upadhyay,Sahel Valadan Tahbaz,Pascual R. Valdez,Rohollah Valizadeh,Constantine I. Vardavas,Tommi Vasankari,Bay Van Vo,Linh Gia Vu,Birhanu Wagaye,Yasir Waheed,Yu Wang,Abdul Waris,T. Eoin West,Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe,Xiaoyue Xu,Sajad Yaghoubi,G. A. Yahya,Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari,Dong Keon Yon,Naohiro Yonemoto,Burhan Abdullah Zaman,Alireza Zandifar,Moein Zangiabadian,Heather J. Zar,Iman Zare,Zahra Zareshahrabadi,Armin Zarrintan,Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin,Wu Zeng,Mengxi Zhang,Zhi-Jiang Zhang,Chenwen Zhong,M. Zoladl,Alimuddin Zumla,Stephen S Lim,Theo Vos,Mohsen Naghavi,Michael Brauer,Simon I. Hay,Christopher J L Murray +607 more
TL;DR: Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRIs and deaths.
Journal ArticleDOI
The burden of headache disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2016: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2016
Kia Vosoughi,Kia Vosoughi,Lars Jacob Stovner,Timothy J. Steiner,Timothy J. Steiner,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Farshad Farzadfar,Pouria Heydarpour,Reza Malekzadeh,Mohsen Naghavi,Mohammad Ali Sahraian,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi,Reza Majdzadeh,Valery L. Feigin,Valery L. Feigin,Theo Vos,Ali H. Mokdad,Christopher J L Murray +20 more
TL;DR: Since 1990, burden of primary headache disorders has constantly been higher in EMR compared to rest of the world, which indicates that health systems in E MR must focus further on developing and implementing preventive and management strategies to control headache.
Journal ArticleDOI
Trends in prevalence, mortality, and morbidity associated with high systolic blood pressure in Brazil from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the "Global Burden of Disease 2017" (GBD 2017) study.
Bruno Ramos Nascimento,Luisa Campos Caldeira Brant,Simon Yadgir,Gláucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira,Gregory A. Roth,Scott D Glenn,Meghan D. Mooney,Mohsen Naghavi,Valéria Maria de Azeredo Passos,Bruce Bartholow Duncan,Diego Augusto Santos Silva,Deborah Carvalho Malta,Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro +12 more
TL;DR: While HSBP prevalence shows an increasing trend, age-standardized death and DALY rates are decreasing in Brazil, probably as results of successful public policies for CVD secondary prevention and control, but suboptimal control of its determinants.