Moritz Pfreundschuh

Bio: Moritz Pfreundschuh is an academic researcher from ETH Zurich. The author has contributed to research in topics: Force spectroscopy & Single Molecule Imaging. The author has an hindex of 12, co-authored 17 publications receiving 679 citations.

Mechanism of membrane pore formation by human gasdermin-D

Abstract: Gasdermin‐D (GSDMD), a member of the gasdermin protein family, mediates pyroptosis in human and murine cells. Cleaved by inflammatory caspases, GSDMD inserts its N‐terminal domain (GSDMD Nterm ) into cellular membranes and assembles large oligomeric complexes permeabilizing the membrane. So far, the mechanisms of GSDMD Nterm insertion, oligomerization, and pore formation are poorly understood. Here, we apply high‐resolution (≤ 2 nm) atomic force microscopy (AFM) to describe how GSDMD Nterm inserts and assembles in membranes. We observe GSDMD Nterm inserting into a variety of lipid compositions, among which phosphatidylinositide (PI(4,5)P2) increases and cholesterol reduces insertion. Once inserted, GSDMD Nterm assembles arc‐, slit‐, and ring‐shaped oligomers, each of which being able to form transmembrane pores. This assembly and pore formation process is independent on whether GSDMD has been cleaved by caspase‐1, caspase‐4, or caspase‐5. Using time‐lapse AFM, we monitor how GSDMD Nterm assembles into arc‐shaped oligomers that can transform into larger slit‐shaped and finally into stable ring‐shaped oligomers. Our observations translate into a mechanistic model of GSDMD Nterm transmembrane pore assembly, which is likely shared within the gasdermin protein family.

Atomic force microscopy-based characterization and design of biointerfaces

Abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based methods have matured into a powerful nanoscopic platform, enabling the characterization of a wide range of biological and synthetic biointerfaces ranging from tissues, cells, membranes, proteins, nucleic acids and functional materials. Although the unprecedented signal-to-noise ratio of AFM enables the imaging of biological interfaces from the cellular to the molecular scale, AFM-based force spectroscopy allows their mechanical, chemical, conductive or electrostatic, and biological properties to be probed. The combination of AFM-based imaging and spectroscopy structurally maps these properties and allows their 3D manipulation with molecular precision. In this Review, we survey basic and advanced AFM-related approaches and evaluate their unique advantages and limitations in imaging, sensing, parameterizing and designing biointerfaces. It is anticipated that in the next decade these AFM-related techniques will have a profound influence on the way researchers view, characterize and construct biointerfaces, thereby helping to solve and address fundamental challenges that cannot be addressed with other techniques. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based approaches enable the characterization and manipulation of biological and synthetic biointerfaces, including tissues, cells, membranes, proteins, nucleic acid and functional materials. In this Review, the advantages and limitations of imaging, sensing, parameterizing and designing biointerfaces using AFM techniques are discussed.

Imaging G protein–coupled receptors while quantifying their ligand-binding free-energy landscape

Abstract: Imaging native membrane receptors and testing how they interact with ligands is of fundamental interest in the life sciences but has proven remarkably difficult to accomplish. Here, we introduce an approach that uses force-distance curve-based atomic force microscopy to simultaneously image single native G protein-coupled receptors in membranes and quantify their dynamic binding strength to native and synthetic ligands. We measured kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for individual protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) molecules in the absence and presence of antagonists, and these measurements enabled us to describe PAR1's ligand-binding free-energy landscape with high accuracy. Our nanoscopic method opens an avenue to directly image and characterize ligand binding of native membrane receptors.

Multiparametric high-resolution imaging of native proteins by force-distance curve-based AFM.

Abstract: Multiparametric high-resolution imaging of native proteins by force-distance curve–based AFM

SAS-6 engineering reveals interdependence between cartwheel and microtubules in determining centriole architecture

Abstract: Centrioles are critical for the formation of centrosomes, cilia and flagella in eukaryotes. They are thought to assemble around a nine-fold symmetric cartwheel structure established by SAS-6 proteins. Here, we have engineered Chlamydomonas reinhardtii SAS-6-based oligomers with symmetries ranging from five- to ten-fold. Expression of a SAS-6 mutant that forms six-fold symmetric cartwheel structures in vitro resulted in cartwheels and centrioles with eight- or nine-fold symmetries in vivo. In combination with Bld10 mutants that weaken cartwheel-microtubule interactions, this SAS-6 mutant produced six- to eight-fold symmetric cartwheels. Concurrently, the microtubule wall maintained eight- and nine-fold symmetries. Expressing SAS-6 with analogous mutations in human cells resulted in nine-fold symmetric centrioles that exhibited impaired length and organization. Together, our data suggest that the self-assembly properties of SAS-6 instruct cartwheel symmetry, and lead us to propose a model in which the cartwheel and the microtubule wall assemble in an interdependent manner to establish the native architecture of centrioles.

Caspase-1-induced pyroptosis is an innate immune effector mechanism against intracellular bacteria (111.33)

Abstract: Macrophages mediate crucial innate immune responses via caspase-1-dependent processing and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. While wild type Salmonella typhimurium infection is lethal to mice, a strain that persistently expresses flagellin was cleared by the cytosolic flagellin detection pathway via NLRC4 activation of caspase-1; however, this clearance was independent of IL-1β and IL-18. Instead, caspase-1 induced pyroptotic cell death released bacteria from macrophages, exposing them to uptake and killing by reactive oxygen species in neutrophils. Similarly, caspase-1 cleared Legionella and Burkholderia by cytokine independent mechanisms. Our results show, for the first time, that caspase-1 can clear intracellular bacteria in vivo independent of IL-1β and IL-18, and establish pyroptosis as an efficient mechanism of bacterial clearance by the innate immune system.

GSDMD membrane pore formation constitutes the mechanism of pyroptotic cell death

Abstract: Pyroptosis is a lytic type of cell death that is initiated by inflammatory caspases. These caspases are activated within multi-protein inflammasome complexes that assemble in response to pathogens and endogenous danger signals. Pyroptotic cell death has been proposed to proceed via the formation of a plasma membrane pore, but the underlying molecular mechanism has remained unclear. Recently, gasdermin D (GSDMD), a member of the ill-characterized gasdermin protein family, was identified as a caspase substrate and an essential mediator of pyroptosis. GSDMD is thus a candidate for pyroptotic pore formation. Here, we characterize GSDMD function in live cells and in vitro We show that the N-terminal fragment of caspase-1-cleaved GSDMD rapidly targets the membrane fraction of macrophages and that it induces the formation of a plasma membrane pore. In vitro, the N-terminal fragment of caspase-1-cleaved recombinant GSDMD tightly binds liposomes and forms large permeability pores. Visualization of liposome-inserted GSDMD at nanometer resolution by cryo-electron and atomic force microscopy shows circular pores with variable ring diameters around 20 nm. Overall, these data demonstrate that GSDMD is the direct and final executor of pyroptotic cell death.

The gasdermins, a protein family executing cell death and inflammation

Abstract: The gasdermins are a family of recently identified pore-forming effector proteins that cause membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis, a lytic pro-inflammatory type of cell death. Gasdermins contain a cytotoxic N-terminal domain and a C-terminal repressor domain connected by a flexible linker. Proteolytic cleavage between these two domains releases the intramolecular inhibition on the cytotoxic domain, allowing it to insert into cell membranes and form large oligomeric pores, which disrupts ion homeostasis and induces cell death. Gasdermin-induced pyroptosis plays a prominent role in many hereditary diseases and (auto)inflammatory disorders as well as in cancer. In this Review, we discuss recent developments in gasdermin research with a focus on mechanisms that control gasdermin activation, pore formation and functional consequences of gasdermin-induced membrane permeabilization.

Imaging modes of atomic force microscopy for application in molecular and cell biology

Abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful, multifunctional imaging platform that allows biological samples, from single molecules to living cells, to be visualized and manipulated. Soon after the instrument was invented, it was recognized that in order to maximize the opportunities of AFM imaging in biology, various technological developments would be required to address certain limitations of the method. This has led to the creation of a range of new imaging modes, which continue to push the capabilities of the technique today. Here, we review the basic principles, advantages and limitations of the most common AFM bioimaging modes, including the popular contact and dynamic modes, as well as recently developed modes such as multiparametric, molecular recognition, multifrequency and high-speed imaging. For each of these modes, we discuss recent experiments that highlight their unique capabilities.