Why did the industrial revolution take place in eighteenth-century Britain and not elsewhere in Europe or Asia? In this convincing new account Robert Allen argues that the British industrial revolution was a successful response to the global economy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He shows that in Britain wages were high and capital and energy cheap in comparison to other countries in Europe and Asia. As a result, the breakthrough technologies of the industrial revolution - the steam engine, the cotton mill, and the substitution of coal for wood in metal production - were uniquely profitable to invent and use in Britain. The high wage economy of pre-industrial Britain also fostered industrial development since more people could afford schooling and apprenticeships. It was only when British engineers made these new technologies more cost-effective during the nineteenth century that the industrial revolution would spread around the world.

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The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective

List of maps List of tables Preface Part I. The Land and the People: 1. The mid-eighteenth-century background Tapan Raychaudhuri 2. Agrarian relations Eric Stokes, B. Chaudhuri, H. Fukazawa and Dharma Kumar 3. Regional economy (1757-1857) Tom G. Kessinger, S. Bhattacharya, V. D. Divekar and Dharma Kumar 4. National income A. Heston 5. Population (1757-1947) Leela Visaria and Pravin Visaria 6. The occupational structure J. Krishnamurty Part II. The Beginnings of the Modern Economy: 7. The growth of large-scale industry to 1947 Morris D. Morris 8. Irrigation and railways Elizabeth Whitcombe and John M. Hurd 9. Money and credit, 1858-1947 A. G. Chandavarkar 10. Foreign trade and balance of payments (1757-1947) K. N. Chaudhuri 11. Price movements and fluctuations in economic activity (1860-1947) Michelle McAlpin 12. The fiscal system Dharma Kumar Part III. Post-Independence Developments: 13. The Indian economy since independence (1947-70) A. Vaidyanathan 14. The Pakistan economy since independence (1947-70) Swadesh R. Bose Glossary Bibliography Index.

The Cambridge Economic History of India

A global rarity rank of G4 means: Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. A state rarity rank of S2S3 means: Imperiled or Vulnerable in New York Very vulnerable to disappearing from New York, or vulnerable to becoming imperiled in New York, due to rarity or other factors; typically 6 to 80 populations or locations in New York, few individuals, restricted range, few remaining acres (or miles of stream), and/or recent and widespread declines. More information is needed to assign a single conservation status.

Long-Term Trends

The Utilitarians have usually been regarded as exponents of a moral theory, but in this work Dr Stokes lays emphasis on their claim to have developed a practical science of society. Political failure caused their practical character to languish in England, but in India the Utilitarian principles won far greater success. He analyzes James Mill's influence as the London head of the Indian administration on Macaulay's Benthamite reforms and on Fitzjames Stephen's significance in the passage of Utilitarianism into Imperialism.

The English Utilitarians and India.

American Economic Association

Indian society is one of the most complex in existence, and we know little about its structure, functioning, or—more important—its development and dynamics. The neglect of Indian's economic history, particularly the period 1800–1947, is one of the most distressing gaps. It is dismaying to realize that even within very broad ranges of error we do not know whether during the past century-and-a-half the economy's performance improved, stagnated, or actually declined. Not only is ignorance of Indian economic behavior over time disturbing in itself, but the attempts at planning since 1947 have suffered because of this. It is difficult to predict outcome and consequences of any major development policy in the absence of any clear clues about the long-run dynamics of the Indian economy and society.

Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth-Century Indian Economic History

Industrial development in India has been part of the very broad movement which had its origins in Western Europe. This chapter describes the growth of India's modern industries, the forms within which they developed and the character of the labour force that emerged. During the first half of the nineteenth century the industrialization process was taking deep hold in Britain and in other parts of the North Atlantic region but in India the new technology and novel processes had only a trifling impact. Most of what was introduced came as a product of official concern, civilian and military. The history of large-scale private factory enterprise between 1850 and the First World War is associated almost entirely with developments in three industries such as jute, cotton, and iron and steel industries. The development of the three industries reveals a great deal about the complexity of economic response on the sub-continent.

The Growth of Large-Scale Industry to 1947

There are two widely held explanations for South Asia's failure to attain the level of economic performance achieved by the now developed countries of the world: One is that British imperial policy frustrated economic growth after 1750; the other is that the Indian value system and die social structure that reflected that value system were obstacles to economic growth. It is worthy of note that both interpretations tend to visualize pre-1750 South Asia at a level of economic organization and performance at least equal to that of western Europe in 1750, with the economic gap appearing only subsequently.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A8547B56EA4F1F12B01C8285E5F95F22/S0022050700071801a.pdf/div-class-title-values-as-an-obstacle-to-economic-growth-in-south-asia-an-historical-survey-div.pdf

Morris David Morris

Papers

Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth-Century Indian Economic History

The Growth of Large-Scale Industry to 1947

Values as an Obstacle to Economic Growth in South Asia: An Historical Survey

Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth-Century Indian Economic History:

The Political Economy of the Raj, 1914-1947: The Economics of Decolonization in India.