Synthesis methods of hydroxyapatite from natural sources: A review

The recovery of value-added products from food and beverage processing wastewater, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and astaxanthin, via various chemical and microbiological extraction techniques has been summarized in this contribution. While wastewaters from several food industries like olive oil, brewery, starchy, and agro-cultural have been utilized to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates as an alternative to the petrochemical sources, seafood wastewaters such as mussel processing, shrimp cooking, and chitin production have been used to recover astaxanthin. In these studies, the wastewater's carbon content has been found as an essential parameter for the recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoates and astaxanthin. The type of additional nitrogen source, microorganism properties, ambient conditions, and polymer extraction methods were mostly examined parameters for the polyhydroxyalkanoate recovery. Olive oil mill wastewater has been presented as one of the most promising industries for the recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoate with the highest polymer yield of 4.93 g L−1. Shrimp cooking wastewaters provide one of the highest astaxanthin yields as 10–13 μg mL−1. In addition to summarizing polyhydroxyalkanoates and astaxanthin yields from various wastewaters, technological obstacles and solutions regarding efficient extraction and large scale production have been discussed in this review.

Review on extraction of polyhydroxyalkanoates and astaxanthin from food and beverage processing wastewater

Hydroxyapatite ceramics derived from organic materials have similar physical properties and chemical content to stoichiometric hydroxyapatite ceramics produced via synthetic routes. The focus of the current study is to produce hydroxyapatite ceramics from meagre fish bones via calcination method. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report in which the meagre fish bones are used to produce hydroxyapatite. The effect of calcination temperature on the phase content, chemical composition, microstructure, and cytotoxic properties of hydroxyapatite ceramics produced from the bones of meagre fish, Argyrosomus regius, was investigated. Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis of the raw fish bones was performed over a temperature range of 20–1100 °C under air atmosphere with a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The total mass loss at this temperature range was about 59% for the fish bone. Thermal analysis of the sample exhibited a three major weight change stage. Calcination was performed in an air atmosphere at different calcination temperatures ranging from 800 to 1100 °C for 1 h. XRD analyses of the calcined fish bones revealed that the hydroxyapatite and whitlockite phases were formed at all calcination temperatures. Significantly marked alterations were observed at the microstructure of the samples depending on the calcination temperature. Scanning electron microscopy investigations revealed that nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite particles were achieved at 800 °C. As the calcination temperature was increased, particle size of the calcium phosphate phase was also increased and reached to approximately 1 μm for the sample calcined at 1100 °C. Cytotoxicity evaluation of the hydroxyapatite carried out using XTT assay demonstrated that the materials are non-cytotoxic at concentrations up to 100 mg/ml.

Production, characterization, and cytotoxicity of calcium phosphate ceramics derived from the bone of meagre fish, Argyrosomus regius

Biogenic hydroxyapatite (BHAp) is a widely used material in the biomedical area due to its similarities with the bone tissue mineral phase. Several works have been spotlighted on the thermal behavior of bone. However, little research has focused on determining the influence of calcination temperature in the physicochemical and bioactive properties of BHAp. In this work, a study of the physicochemical properties’ changes and bioactive response of BHAp produced from porcine femur bones using calcination temperatures between 900 to 1200 °C was conducted. The samples’ structural, morphological, and compositional changes were determined using XRD, SEM, and FTIR techniques. XRD results identified three temperature ranges, in which there are structural changes in BHAp samples and the presence of additional phases. Moreover, FTIR results corroborated that B-type substitution is promoted by increasing the heat treatment temperature. Likewise, samples were immersed in a simulated biological fluid (SBF), following the methodology described by Kokubo and using ISO 23317:2014 standard, for 3 and 7 days. FTIR and SEM results determined that the highest reaction velocity was reached for samples above 1000 °C, due to intensity increasing of phosphate and carbonate bands and bone-like apatite morphologies, compared to other temperatures evaluated.

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Temperature effect in physicochemical and bioactive behavior of biogenic hydroxyapatite obtained from porcine bones.

Starch, dextrin, sodium silicate (SS), and recently sodium co-silicate (SCS) are the most known depressants for the depression of iron oxides through the traditional reverse flotation. However, all...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01496395.2021.1887893

Morteza Asadollahzadeh

Papers

In vitro apatite formation of calcium phosphate composite synthesized from fish bone