Muhammad Rafique

Bio: Muhammad Rafique is an academic researcher from University of Gujrat. The author has contributed to research in topics: Laser & Photocatalysis. The author has an hindex of 25, co-authored 174 publications receiving 2574 citations. Previous affiliations of Muhammad Rafique include National Institute of Education & University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore.

A review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their applications

Abstract: Development of reliable and eco-accommodating methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles is a vital step in the field of nanotechnology. Silver nanoparticles are important because of their exceptional chemical, physical, and biological properties, and hence applications. In the last decade, numerous efforts were made to develop green methods of synthesis to avoid the hazardous byproducts. This review describes the methods of green synthesis for Ag-NPs and their numerous applications. It also describes the comparison of efficient synthesis methods via green routes over physical and chemical methods, which provide strong evidence for the selection of suitable method for the synthesis of Ag-NPs.

Selection of a suitable method for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles

Abstract: Various methods for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles employing chemical, physical and biological techniques considering bottom-up and top-down methods synthesis have been studied. The properties of copper nanoparticles depend largely on their synthesis procedures. The results from various investigations performed by di®erent scientists using these methods have been summarized. The applications, characterization techniques, advantages and disadvantages of each synthesis method are also the point of discussion. A detailed study of the results reveals that chemical reduction methods are most suitable for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. Chemical reduction of copper salts using ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a new and green approach in which ascorbic acid is used both as the reduction and capping agent. This approach is the most e®ective

Nanostructured-based WO3 photocatalysts: recent development, activity enhancement, perspectives and applications for wastewater treatment

Abstract: The growth of highly ordered architectures of semiconductor metallic oxide photocatalyst has acknowledged great consideration due to natural growth along with exceptional morphology properties and potential application ways to resolve the problem of freshwater shortages in this world. Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a well-known semiconductor photocatalyst due to its better response in solar spectrum, fine metal interactions, mechanical strength, high efficiency, harmlessness and cost-effectiveness. This review focuses on a precise and overall description of the recent literature relating pure and doped/composite WO3 catalyst, photocatalytic enhancement mechanism. Moreover, it will also elaborate the experimental conditions used photocatalyst synthesis processes, optimization of the parameters affecting the degradation efficiency of various dyes. Furthermore, strategies for improving photocatalytic activity of WO3 like metal doping, semiconductor coupling, metal sulfides and metal nitrides coupling are systematically summarized and highlighted. After this, future perspectives about advancement and applications are reviewed. It is expected that this review article could offer strategies for designing novel WO3-based photocatalysts which can have promising prospects of multifunctional applications to meet the imperative demands of highly efficient solar energy conversion.

Phd by thesis

Abstract: Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Ferromagnetic materials

Abstract: In this chapter, we will restrict our attention to the ferrites and a few other closely related materials. The great interest in ferrites stems from their unique combination of a spontaneous magnetization and a high electrical resistivity. The observed magnetization results from the difference in the magnetizations of two non-equivalent sub-lattices of the magnetic ions in the crystal structure. Materials of this type should strictly be designated as “ferrimagnetic” and in some respects are more closely related to anti-ferromagnetic substances than they are to ferromagnetics in which the magnetization results from the parallel alignment of all the magnetic moments present. We shall not adhere to this special nomenclature except to emphasize effects, which are due to the existence of the sub-lattices.

Cu and Cu-Based Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis.

Abstract: The applications of copper (Cu) and Cu-based nanoparticles, which are based on the earth-abundant and inexpensive copper metal, have generated a great deal of interest in recent years, especially in the field of catalysis. The possible modification of the chemical and physical properties of these nanoparticles using different synthetic strategies and conditions and/or via postsynthetic chemical treatments has been largely responsible for the rapid growth of interest in these nanomaterials and their applications in catalysis. In addition, the design and development of novel support and/or multimetallic systems (e.g., alloys, etc.) has also made significant contributions to the field. In this comprehensive review, we report different synthetic approaches to Cu and Cu-based nanoparticles (metallic copper, copper oxides, and hybrid copper nanostructures) and copper nanoparticles immobilized into or supported on various support materials (SiO2, magnetic support materials, etc.), along with their applications i...

Similarities and Differences

Abstract: Compare your culture to one of the cultures discussed in this unit. On a sheet of paper, list the cultures you are comparing and make one column titled “similarities,” and a second column titled “differences.” Now, list as many similarities and differences between the two as you can think of. Are there more similarities or differences between the two cultures you selected? Have you ever met anyone from this culture? How can you use this information to build greater respect between cultures?