A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 521 82347 1 hardback ISBN 0 521 53032 6 paperback Contents List of tables page vii Preface to the second edition ix Preface to the first edition xii 1 Why a global language? 1 What is a global language? 3 What makes a global language? 7 Why do we need a global language? 11 What are the dangers of a global language? 14 Could anything stop a global language? 25 A critical era 27 2 Why English? The historical context 29 Origins 30 America 31 Canada 36 The Caribbean 39 Australia and New Zealand 40 South Africa 43 South Asia 46 Former colonial Africa 49 Southeast Asia and the South Pacific 54 A world view 59 v Contents

English as a global language

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영어의 능격성(Ergativity)

语义学引论 = Linguistic Semantics

Linguistic Anthropology: Linguistic diversity

Proverbs: A Handbook

This paper aims to analyse Indonesian humorous status in social media by applying the Script Semantic Theory of Humour (SSTH) and the parameters called Knowledge Resources (KRs) of the General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH). It is conducted by applying a qualitative method since the purpose of this study is primarily to describe and to establish the variation in a situation, phenomenon, problem, or event without quantifying them. The data is taken from Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp account followed by the first writer of this study for eight months. There are 17 statuses to be analysed, in which, seven statuses consist of 21 phrases analysed by applying SSTH theory, while the other 10 statuses consist of 14 phrases as set-up stages, 18 phrases, and three pictures as punchline stages analysed by applying GTVH theory. From the data being displayed, regarding the Superiority theory, it is found that people generally laugh because of other people’s misfortunes, and it emphasizes one’s superiority to the shortcomings of others. The people will laugh at individuals who are inferior or ugly, because they feel happy, and feel superior to them. Based on Release/Relief theory, humorous status also stems from regenerating something painful into something light-hearted. It is an indication of the misfortunate aspects of life. From the Incongruity theory, it is found that humour appears when there is an oddity between the concepts prepared in certain situations and the real events that are thought to be related to the concept. The paper further elaborates the findings and discuss them in detail.

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Indonesian humorous status in social media: An application of script-based semantic theory of humour

This study discusses the polar interrogative construction in Mandailing This study aims to analyze the form of interrogative in Mandailing The research data is a mandailing sentence that comes from related literature on interrogative This research employs questions words which of the thoughts of foreign and Indonesian linguists The research method used is descriptive method which employs substitution, permutation, and reference techniques The result of this research shows that: Question words as interrogative markers can indicate different interrogative contruction types Key words : question words, interrogative construction, rhetoric interrogative

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Kata tanya dalam konstruksi interogatif bahasa mandailing

This research aims to determine and explain the types and the core constituents of Acehnese relative clauses which so far have not been thoroughly discussed. To collect data for this study, a direct elicitation technique is used, and the data is then analyzed through a qualitative descriptive technique. The results showed that the relative clauses in Acehnese were clauses embedded as modifiers of noun phrases. Similar to the relative clauses’ theory proposed by experts in the Acehnese, there are five types of relative clauses: relativization of subject, relativization of predicate, relativization of object, relativization of possessive, and relativization of noun. Relative clauses in Acehnese are formed by connecting core nouns and relative clauses through the connecting word ‘nyang’, except for the relative clause of the predicate element through the ellipsis of the predicate element. The basic structure of the Acehnese relative clauses is the arrangement of the main constituents preceding (postnominal) the relative clauses. The constituents that described the relative clauses could form words or phrases depending on the reference to the meaning of the relative clauses. In the Acehnese, the following elements do not exist: (1) relative clauses that can be reduced by adverbials such as in English, (2) relative pronouns as in German and relative particles such as in Chinese Mandarin; and (3) the attachment of relative suffixes to verbs as in Korean.

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A Study of types and core constituents of Acehnese relative clauses

This cognitive semantics study analyzed animal proverbs in Batak Toba language. Descriptive qualitative methods were employed in this study. Preliminary research data were collected from the Umpama and Umapasa Collection of Batak Toba languages written by Richard Sinaga. All proverbs were listened to and grouped by recording and selecting the existing data. In the analysis process, theresearchers conducted interpretation method. In addition, the researcher conducted interviews with three Toba native speakers including the researcher himself, and a Batak-Toba linguist. The results showed that there was 33 lexicon used in Toba Batak proverbs. The animal lexicon consists of mammals (46%), birds (27%), insects (14%), fish (10%), and amphibians (1%). The conceptualization of the animals is both positive and negative. The use of animal in the Toba Batak proverbs not only aims to convey ideas or ideas but can also describe the perceptions, experiences and daily life depictions of the Toba Batak people.

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Cognitive semantics analysis of animal proverbs in toba language

Interjection is the word used to show spontaneous expression. Batak language has a specific emotive interjection Bah! which is different from other interjections in the language. The objectives of this study are to find the meanings of interjection Bah! and to classify the elements of feelings of this interjection. This is a descriptive qualitative study employing the semantic explication method of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach. The data was collected from the interjection Bah! in a Batak Toba short story entitled Mangongkal Holi . The data were obtained by the attentive observation method and tapping technique. The methods used for data analysis were the distribution and contextual method. The results of this study showed that there are five meanings of the interjection Bah! They are astonishment, disappointment, confusion, surprise, and amazement. Meanwhile, those meanings express two elements of feelings, which are the positive feeling element (i.e. surprise and amazement), and the negative feeling element (i.e. astonishment, disappointment, and confusion). The revelation of the various meanings of Bah! is expected to provide richer understanding on its use in communication, and to further avoid miscommunication between different ethnics in Indonesia which each has their own mother tongue.

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Mulyadi Mulyadi

Papers

Indonesian humorous status in social media: An application of script-based semantic theory of humour

Kata tanya dalam konstruksi interogatif bahasa mandailing

A Study of types and core constituents of Acehnese relative clauses

Cognitive semantics analysis of animal proverbs in toba language

Interjection Bah! in Batak Toba: A natural semantic metalanguage approach