Many societies in different parts of the world have witnessed intractable conflicts. People living in these societies construct conflict frames to understand the ongoing conflicts. Based on Lederach’s (1999) pyramid approach to peace building, the current study investigates how people understand the Kurdish conflict in Turkey in three segments of society: a) politicians, b) scholars and journalists and c) lay people. The Kurdish conflict was approached based on the frame analysis of Entman (1993), which includes four domains: a) problem definition, b) causal interpretation, c) moral evaluation, and d) treatment recommendation. In a first phase, focus group discussions and open-ended questionnaires were used to explore alternative conflict understandings among lay people. In a second phase, Q methodology, a method suitable to uncover socially shared viewpoints, was used to understand the conflict frames of parliamentarians, experts and lay people. In a third phase, after analyzing each participant group’s frames separately, a second-order analysis was performed to see the similarities and differences between the different segments. Five different frames of the Kurdish conflict could be distinguished. In general, the meaning of the different frames, differences and commonalities within and between the segments, the usefulness of Q methodology to explore representations of conflict, and implications for conflict resolution will be discussed.

A Q Methodological Investigation of the Kurdish Conflict Frames among Parliamentarians, Experts and Lay People in Turkey

Bu calisma, 2011'de Suriye’de patlak veren siyasi catismadan sonra Turkiye'ye gelmis olan Suriyeli nufusun durumunu degerlendirmektedir. Calisma, multecilere iliskin yasal statuyu ve uluslararasi duzenlemeleri aciklayan ve karsilastiran bolumleriyle, Turk hukuk sistemini analiz etmekte ve multeci kanunu ile yonetmelikleri elestirmektedir. Bu baglamda, savastan etkilenen Suriyeli nufusun kitlesel gocune ragmen, Turk multeci yasasi hala emekleme asamasindadir; multeci kabulu ve entegrasyonu icin artik dunya capinda genellikle normal kabul edilen sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasi haklari saglayamamaktadir. Bununla birlikte, diger ornekler goz onunde bulunduruldugunda, Suriyeli multeci akisinin buyuklugu ozellikle multecilerin kabulunun ulu-sal makamlarin kapasitesine gore belirlendigi ve entegrasyon politikalarinin cok siki sekilde uygulandigi Bati Avrupa ve Iskandinav ulkeleri ile mukayese edilmez. Bu nedenle, Turkiye'nin acik kapi politikasi ve sinirlari icindeki Suriyeli nufusu entegre etme cabalarina ek olarak, mul-teci krizini cozme calismalarinin buyuk bir kismi, ulusal kaynaklarin ve yerel makamlarin ener-jisinin tukenmeye basladigi noktada ucuncu taraflarin ve uluslararasi kuruluslarin kabiliyetine ve istekliligine dayanmaktadir.

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Syrian Refugees Imbroglio: An Analysis of The Reception and Integration of Displaced Syrian Population in Turkey

Shifting of Turkish foreign policy

iii OZ iv DEDICATION v ACKNOWLEDGMENT vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF TABLES xiv

http://i-rep.emu.edu.tr:8080/jspui/bitstream/11129/1372/1/RezegAli.pdf

Turkish and Malaysian experiences: Lessons for Egypt

In the decade between 2002 and 2012, Turkey was often proposed as a model for the Middle East and the broader Muslim world. However, this assumption has come under scrutiny in the aftermath of the “Arab Spring.” This is not only due to Turkey’s inability to transform the 2011 Arab Uprisings into an opportunity to extend its political influence in the region but also because Ankara has begun to reorient its Middle Eastern policy, characterized above all by a less dynamic attitude from 2011 onward. This is caused, in part, by the emergence of major internal sociopolitical problems (e.g., the 2013 Gezi Park protests) that have distracted Turkey from the Middle Eastern scene. In addition, profound changes within the Arab world itself have also led to a shift in Turkish foreign policy as Turkey could not have possibly remained immune from regional upheavals pressing on its borders (e.g., the Syrian refugee crisis). Nevertheless, any study of the so-called Turkish model should begin with an analysis of the origins and contents of this concept.

The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Model for the Middle East

The end of the Cold War has included major changes in international politics and Islam has rapidly replaced “communism” in the role of principal enemy of the Western world. The Clash of Civilizations theory has been used as one of the main instruments of the conflict between Islam and Western world. This theory contends that in the post-Cold War world the crucial distinctions between people will be cultural rather than ideological or economical. According to this theory the 21 century will witness struggles between Western civilization and others, especially the Western, Islamic and Confucian civilizations. Therefore, the statistics reflect that a strong social, cultural and economic discrimination and intolerance against Muslim inhabitants called Islamophobia has gradually spread to the European  Yrd. Doç. Dr., Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi İİBF Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölüm Başkanı.

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Avrupa’da Yükselen İslamofobi ve Medeniyetler Çatışması Tezi

Demokrasi gunumuzde siyaset biliminin en populer kavramlarindan biridir. Onune gelen degisik sifatlarla degisik sekillerde tanimlanmakta ve bircok sekli bulunmaktadir. Her demokrasi turu tanimi kendi yaklasimina gore icerikler ileri surmektedir. Koku secim ve halkin karar alma sureclerine katilmasina dayanan demokrasi ile ilgili tanimlarin buyuk bir cogunlugu halk ve secim kelimelerini icermektedir. Dolayisiyla bilinen en yaygin demokrasi tanimlari halkin yonetimi ile ilgili iceriklere dayanir. Halk birbiri ile rekabet eden siyasi partiler yoluyla, ozgur ve adil, ulusal ve yerel secimler yoluyla kendisini yonetecekleri secer. Demokrasilerde her vatandasin hic kimsenin elinden alamayacagi bazi temel haklari bulunmaktadir. Demokrasilerde yasama ve yurutme icin cogunluk sarti aranir. Peki, azinliklarin haklari ne olacak? Dunyanin bircok ulkesinde nufusun yarisina yakinini olusturan kadinlar neden siyasal temsilde yuzde elli oraninda temsil edilmezler? Demokrasinin gunumuzde karsilastigi sorunlar ve demokrasiye yonelik elestiriler nelerdir? Demokrasinin evrimini analiz etmeyi amaclayan bu calisma butun bu sorulari cevaplamaya calismaktadir.

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Demokrasi̇ kavramina eleşti̇rel bi̇r bakiş

Avrupa Birligi (AB) ulkelerinde Muslumanlara yonelik 1990’li yillardan itibaren gelisen ayirimcilik ve dislama, 2000’li yillarin basindan itibaren artarak fiziki saldirilara donustu. Ozellikle asiri sagci ve populist partilerin ve siyasetcilerin bu saldirilari bahane ederek AB ulkelerinde yasayan Muslumanlari suclamalari onlari hedef haline getirmektedir. Islamofobi olarak adlandirilan bu ayirimcilik ve Musluman karsitliginin artisini 11 Eylul 2001’deki saldirilar ve bunu muteakiben Londra, Ispanya, Paris ve Bruksel’de meydana gelen terorist saldirilarla iliskilendirenler bulunmaktadir. AB ulkelerinden ISID ve El Kaide gibi orgutlere katilimlari da Avrupa’da Muslumanlara yonelik ayirimcilik ve Islamofobi ile iliskilendirenler bulunmaktadir. Peki, terorist saldirilarin AB ulkelerinde kaygi verici boyutlara varan Musluman karsitligi ve Islamofobi ile iliskisi nedir? AB ulkelerinde terorist saldirilar gerceklestirerek Muslumanlarla ilgili algilari olumsuz etkileyen terorist orgutler, bir yandan Avrupa’da yasayan Muslumanlari bu ulkeleri terk ederek kendilerine katilmaya cagirirken, buralardaki asiri sagci ve Musluman karsiti siyasetciler de ayni sekilde AB’de yasayan Muslumanlari bu topraklari terk etmeleri yonunde aciklamalar yapmaktadir. Peki, nasil oluyor da bu iki farkli grup AB’de yasayan Muslumanlara karsi ayni dili kullaniyorlar? Islamofobi ile terorizm arasinda nasil bir iliski var? AB ulkelerindeki Islamofobi ve terorizm arasindaki iliskiyi ele alan bu calisma, teroristlerle Islamofoblarin ayni soylem ve argumanlari kullandigini tespit etmektedir.

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Ab ülkeleri̇nde i̇slamofobi̇ ve teröri̇zm

The Arab world is awakening; especially Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Syria, countries trying to change their destiny. Turkey has been shown as a model instead of those authoritarian governments and corrupt systems. According to two surveys conducted by Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) and KA Research Limited in seven Arabic countries, 61% of survey respondents (in 2009) and 66% of survey respondents (in 2010) think that Turkey can be a role model for the other Muslim countries in the Middle East. in the Peninsula. It created this unity from many disconnected and even hostile tribes under the control of one leader and spread Islam rapidly to Asia, Africa and Europe. Subsequently the four caliphate era Umayyad and Abbasside continued to conquer new countries and spread Islam. When Turks arrived in Mesopotamia in the early 11th century they created great empires like Seljuk and Ottoman and they took control of the Mediterranean basin. Following the Ottoman Empire's sovereignty, for hundreds of years this area has been colonised by France, United Kingdom and Italy and Muslim lands have lost their unity. Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Syria and Tunisia gained their independence in the twentieth century but they could not escape from the influence of western countries. In these countries in which settled repressive authoritarian administrations, a small minority owned all the business by exploiting the countries' resources, enriching themselves and living a life of luxury. This resulted in huge inequalities and poverty which grew to intolerable proportions. The lack of a democratic system and the existence of a repressive policing administration, corruption, injustice and human rights violations did not allow citizens to live in dignity in these countries. Meanwhile, thanks to the development of communication tools, Arabic people have raised up against oppression in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Syria and some others countries. While some of these countries are trying to reform their systems; Turkey which was built on the Ottoman Empire's remains, has been shown as a model for them. Can Turkey really serve as a model for the Middle Eastern and North African countries? How and why? To answer these questions we will have a look into the political situation in the Middle East and try to analyse the Turkish political system. 2. Control of The Region Mediterranean basin countries have constantly been a focus of the superpowers because of their extremely important geo-strategic location and natural resources like water, oil and natural gas. Therefore, the superpowers have always tried to be present there to dominate the region, to control the natural resources

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Can Turkey be a Role Model for the Muslim Countries

Mart 2011’de baslayan ve ic savasa donusen rejim karsiti protestolar nedeniyle, Suriye nufusunun yarisindan fazlasi komsu ulkelere kacmis ya da ulke icinde goc etmek zorunda kalmistir. Yuz binlerce insan olmus, 5.5 milyondan fazla Suriyeli ulkeyi terk ederek baska ulkelere siginmistir. Alti milyondan fazla Suriyeli ulke icinde yerlerinden edilmistir. Bu olaylardan etkilenenlerin yarisindan fazlasi kadin ve cocuklardan olusmaktadir. En buyuk Suriyeli siginmaciya ev sahipligi yapan Turkiye ayni zamanda dunyada en cok multeci bulunduran ulke konumuna gelmistir. Turkiye’de bu denli kapsamli bir goc dalgasina hazirliksiz olmasina ragmen Suriye’deki yikici ic savasin baslamasindan bu yana “acik kapi” politikasi izleyerek 3.5 milyondan fazla Suriyeliyi kabul etmistir. Baslangicta, Turk makamlari kendilerine siginan Suriyelilerin kisa surede geri donecegini dusunerek “misafir” olarak tanimlamislardir. Ancak, Suriyelilerin yakinda geri donmeyecegi anlasildiginda, yeni bir kapsamli goc yasasi hazirlanarak yururluge konmustur. Zira eski iltica rejimi milyonlarca siginmacinin ihtiyaclarina cevap vermiyordu. Suriye’de catismalarin baslamasindan bu yana Turkiye’de hukumet ve vatandaslar buyuk bir comertlik ornegi gostererek egitim, saglik, istihdam ve bircok konuda cesitli hizmetler sunmuslardir. Ancak Turkiye’deki Suriyelilerin hala yasadigi bir takim sorunlar bulunmaktadir. Suriyeli siginmacilarin yasadigi sorunlari ele alan bu calisma; cozum onerileri gelistirerek daha etkin bir goc yonetimi olanaklarini arastirmaktadir.

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Murat Aktaş

Papers

Avrupa’da Yükselen İslamofobi ve Medeniyetler Çatışması Tezi

Demokrasi̇ kavramina eleşti̇rel bi̇r bakiş

Ab ülkeleri̇nde i̇slamofobi̇ ve teröri̇zm

Can Turkey be a Role Model for the Muslim Countries

Türki̇ye’deki̇ suri̇yeli̇ler: sorunlar ve çözüm öneri̇leri̇