Myron S. Cohen

Bio: Myron S. Cohen is an academic researcher from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The author has an hindex of 103, co-authored 549 publications receiving 46021 citations. Previous affiliations of Myron S. Cohen include University of Massachusetts Medical School & Scripps Health.

Features of urethritis in a cohort of male soldiers.

Abstract: Of 400 cases of urethritis in male soldiers enrolled in a behavioral intervention project, the etiology of 69% was defined at study enrollment, as well as the etiology of 72% of 25 repeated episodes involving 21 men during the first 78 days of active follow-up (5% of the cohort). Chlamydia trachomatis (36%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (34%), and Ureaplasma urealyticum (19%) were the most common causes of infection identified at enrollment and during subsequent visits (44%, 28%, and 12%, respectively). By univariate analysis, patients with repeated infection ("repeaters") were significantly more likely to report a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD; relative risk [RR], 3) and sex with sex workers (RR, 4) than were nonrepeaters. By multivariate analysis, only STD history was significant (RR, 2.8). Characteristics of repeaters in this cohort suggest that specific patterns may be used to establish screening "profiles" of potential repeaters, by which such individuals might be targeted for aggressive intervention at the time of the initial diagnosis.

Vitamin D, phagocyte differentiation and immune function.

Abstract: The data reviewed in this paper supports the hypothesis that 1,25-(OH)2D3 influences the differentiation and function of mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes. A caveat is the concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 required in vitro for expression of these effects. The relevance of these concentrations to the actions of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in vivo is speculative because the experimental conditions involve the presence of serum (and vitamin D-binding protein) which undoubtedly alters the concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 entering the incubated cells. Serum is a critical reagent in most cell culture systems and it is not yet possible to separate the effects of serum from the effect of the 1,25-(OH)2D3 contained in serum. Our current hypothesis is that 1,25-(OH)2D3 in normal serum plays a permissive role in the functions of normal mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes, which are exaggerated at higher concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3. These data also suggest that skeletal homeostasis has immunologic dimensions. Lymphokines appear to be important in the formation of osteoclast-like cells. Lymphokines are also believed to be involved in some forms of hypercalcemia associated with malignancy such as multiple myeloma [80] and the adult T-cell lymphoma syndrome [81]. It is clear that the interactions between vitamin D, mononuclear phagocytes, lymphocytes and their products, and skeletal homeostasis have introduced new perspectives and dimensions to areas previously perceived as being unrelated or, at least, distantly linked.

Virologic outcomes in early antiretroviral treatment: HPTN 052.

Abstract: Introduction: The HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 trial demonstrated that early antiretroviral therapy (ART) prevented 93% of HIV transmission events in serodiscordant couples. Some linked...

Impact of aciclovir on ulcer healing, lesional, genital and plasma HIV-1 RNA among patients with genital ulcer disease in Malawi

Abstract: Objective By a randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of aciclovir 800 mg twice daily for 5 days added to the syndromic management of genital ulcer disease (GUD) to determine the impact on ulcer healing and HIV outcomes. Methods Patients presenting with GUD in Malawi were evaluated for HIV and herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) serologies, ulcer aetiology, lesional, genital and plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ count. Patients were followed up at days 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28. The primary study outcome was ulcer healing at day 14, with secondary outcomes being lesional and genital HIV-1 shedding at day 14 and HIV-1 plasma viral load at day 28 among HIV-1/HSV-2 co-infected individuals. Results Four hundred and twenty-two patients (74% male) were randomised (208 to aciclovir, 214 to placebo), of whom 61% were HIV-1 seropositive and 72% HSV-2 seropositive; 67% (267/398) had HSV-2 ulcers. 85% of ulcers were healed at day 14 with no difference between treatment arms (risk ratio (RR)¼ 1.02, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.11). Among 244 HIV-1/HSV-2 coinfected individuals, aciclovir reduced lesional HIV-1 RNA (adjusted RR¼0.64, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.99) and seminal HIV-1 RNA (adjusted RR¼0.59, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.88), but not cervical HIV-1 RNA or plasma HIV-1 RNA. Conclusions Episodic HSV treatment with aciclovir added to syndromic management did not produce a significant clinical benefit in this African population.

Prevention of HIV-1 Infection with Early Antiretroviral Therapy

Abstract: Background Antiretroviral therapy that reduces viral replication could limit the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in serodiscordant couples. Methods In nine countries, we...

Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults

Abstract: Lionel A. Mandell, Richard G. Wunderink, Antonio Anzueto, John G. Bartlett, G. Douglas Campbell, Nathan C. Dean, Scott F. Dowell, Thomas M. File, Jr. Daniel M. Musher, Michael S. Niederman, Antonio Torres, and Cynthia G. Whitney McMaster University Medical School, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; University of Texas Health Science Center and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, LDS Hospital, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, and Summa Health System, Akron, Ohio; State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, and Department of Medicine, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York; and Cap de Servei de Pneumologia i Allergia Respiratoria, Institut Clinic del Torax, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, CIBER CB06/06/0028, Barcelona, Spain.

Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease. The importance of transition metal ions in mediating oxidant damage naturally leads to the question as to what forms of such ions might be available to catalyze radical reactions in vivo . The chapter discusses the metabolism of transition metals, such as iron and copper. It also discusses the chelation therapy that is an approach to site-specific antioxidant protection. The detection and measurement of lipid peroxidation is the evidence most frequently cited to support the involvement of free radical reactions in toxicology and in human disease. A wide range of techniques is available to measure the rate of this process, but none is applicable to all circumstances. The two most popular are the measurement of diene conjugation and the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, but they are both subject to pitfalls, especially when applied to human samples. The chapter also discusses the essential principles of the peroxidation process. When discussing lipid peroxidation, it is essential to use clear terminology for the sequence of events involved; an imprecise use of terms such as initiation has caused considerable confusion in the literature. In a completely peroxide-free lipid system, first chain initiation of a peroxidation sequence in a membrane or polyunsaturated fatty acid refers to the attack of any species that has sufficient reactivity to abstract a hydrogen atom from a methylene group.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

Abstract: 1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines.

Abstract: The MMWR series of publications is published by the Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333.