The carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (CMC/PVA) based hybrid polymer (HPe) system with different ratio of composition have been prepared via solution casting. The features of interaction between CMC and PVA were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to disclose the reduction of crystallinity of the HPe system. Morphological properties observed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the homogeneity of the HPe system. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) result explains the miscibility of the HPe system which was confirmed by means of variations in the glass transition temperature (Tg). Two degradation mechanisms were revealed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the HPe system attributed to the decarboxylation in CMC and degradation of bond scission in PVA backbone. The blend of 80:20 compositions of CMC/PVA HPe system was found to be the optimum ratio with an increase in conductivity of CMC/PVA by one magnitude order from 10−7 to 10−6 S/cm with the lowest in crystallinity.

Reducing crystallinity on thin film based CMC/PVA hybrid polymer for application as a host in polymer electrolytes

Flexible Zn–MnO2 batteries as wearable electronic power source have attracted much attention in recent years due to their low cost and high safety. To promote the practical application of flexible Zn–MnO2 batteries, it is imperative to develop flexible, mechanically robust and high performance solid state electrolyte. Herein, we construct a rechargeable quasi-solid-state zinc ion battery using kappa-carrageenan bio-polymer electrolyte. The kappa-carrageenan electrolyte is eco-friendly, low cost, and highly conductive (3.32 × 10−2 S cm−1 at room temperature). The mechanical robustness of kappa-carrageenan electrolyte is further reinforced by using a rice paper as scaffold. Benefiting from high ionic conductivity of the bio-polymer electrolyte, our zinc ion battery delivers a significant high energy density and power density (400 W h kg−1 and 7.9 kW kg−1, respectively), high specific capacity (291.5 mA h g−1 at 0.15 A g−1), fast charging and discharging capability (120.0 mA h g−1 at 6.0 A g−1). The zinc ion battery with bio-polymer electrolyte also shows excellent cycling stability and high bending durability. This work brings new research opportunities in developing low-cost flexible solid-state zinc ion batteries using green natural polymer.

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Flexible quasi-solid-state zinc ion batteries enabled by highly conductive carrageenan bio-polymer electrolyte

There is a growing demand for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) fabricated with environmentally-friendly materials to transition toward a more sustainable society based on a circular economy. Battery separator, typically a porous petroleum-polymer, plays a pivotal role as it serves to efficiently transfer ions between electrodes while preventing electrical short-circuits. To reduce our dependence on fossil resources, cellulose and its derivatives are being used as sustainable battery separators thanks to its easily controllable porosity, suitable mechanical and thermal properties, non-toxicity and inherent hydrophilicity. Here we first present the structure, physico-chemical properties and various types of cellulose derivatives, as well as the different manufacturing approaches to obtain porous cellulose membranes. Further, the most recent developments in the field of cellulose and its derivates for lithium ion battery separators and solid polymer electrolytes are discussed. Finally, the main issues and properties to be improved in the near future concerning cellulosic separators are shown.

Cellulose and its derivatives for lithium ion battery separators: A review on the processing methods and properties

The present work was carried out to investigate the abnormal trend of electrochemical properties of solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) system-based carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-doped NH4Cl. The SBEs system was prepared via solution casting technique and analyzed through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Complexation was observed with the changes of peaks at 1065 cm−1, 1598 cm−1, 2912 cm−1, and 3396 cm−1 that corresponds to C–O–C, C=O of COO− stretching, C–H stretching, and O–H stretching, respectively, of CMC/PVA blend system upon the addition of NH4Cl. The decrease of the amorphousness and the increase of weight loss demonstrated the abnormal observation of the ionic conductivity when (1–5 wt%) NH4Cl was added in the SBEs system which was lower than the un-doped SBEs system. It was also observed that the highest ionic conductivity at 8.86 × 10−5 Scm−1 was achieved by the sample containing 6 wt% of NH4Cl. The temperature dependence of the SBEs system is found to be governed by the Arrhenius rule. Through the IR deconvolution technique, the conductivity of CMC/PVA-NH4Cl SBEs system was shown to be primarily influenced by the ionic mobility and diffusion coefficient of the ions.

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An investigation on the abnormal trend of the conductivity properties of CMC/PVA-doped NH4Cl-based solid biopolymer electrolyte system

Structural, ion transport parameter and electrochemical properties of plasticized polymer composite electrolyte based on PVA: A novel approach to fabricate high performance EDLC devices

The present work deals with the investigation on ionic conductivity and transports properties of biopolymer electrolytes (BEs) based on kappa-carrageenan (KC) by incorporating NH4Br as polymer-salt system. The BEs was successfully prepared via solution-casting method and characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was established that the ionic conductivity for BEs system increased and achieved an optimum value of 3.89 × 10−4 S/cm for a sample containing 20 wt.% NH4Br at ambient temperature (303 K). XRD analysis indicates that the highest ion conductivity complex exhibits optimum amorphous nature via the evaluation of the degree of crystallinity (Xc %). The conducting element in the BEs does favor the association of ion count from NH4Br where the ionic mobility and diffusion coefficient of the transport properties were found increase parallel with the conductivity until it reaches optimum composition of BEs.

Investigation on the effect of NH4Br at transport properties in k–carrageenan based biopolymer electrolytes via structural and electrical analysis

Investigation on favourable ionic conduction based on CMC-K carrageenan proton conducting hybrid solid bio-polymer electrolytes for applications in EDLC

The present study investigates the ion transport properties and structural analysis of plasticized solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-NH4Br-PEG. The SPE system was successfully prepared via solution casting and has been characterized by using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The highest conductivity of the SPE system at ambient temperature (303 K) was found to be 1.12 × 10−4 S/cm for un-plasticized sample and 2.48 × 10−3 S cm−1 when the sample is plasticized with 8 wt% PEG. Based on FTIR analysis, it shows that interaction had occurred at O–H, C=O, and C–O moiety from CMC when PEG content was added. The ionic conductivity tabulation of SPE system was found to be influenced by transport properties and amorphous characteristics as revealed by IR deconvolution method and XRD analysis.

Study on the effect of PEG in ionic transport for CMC-NH4Br-based solid polymer electrolyte

Characterization on conduction properties of carboxymethyl cellulose/kappa carrageenan blend-based polymer electrolyte system

CMC-NH4CH3CO2 complexes were characterized via theoretical and experimental approaches using molecular dynamics (MD) calculation, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. These analyses successfully disclosed the structural and ion conduction properties of the bio-polymer electrolytes (BPE) system. The FTIR analysis further revealed that an interaction exists between the carboxylate anion group (COO–) from CMC and the H+ substructure of NH4CH3CO2. The ionic conductivity value at ambient temperature was found to achieve an optimum value of 5.07× 10–6 S/cm for a system containing 10 wt% NH4CH3CO2. The ionic conductivity improvement was demonstrated via the increment on the amorphous phase of the BPEs system as shown in the XRD analysis upon the inclusion of NH4CH3CO2. Based on the IR-deconvolution approach, the mobility (µ) and diffusion coefficient (D) were found to influence the ionic conductivity and aligned with the theoretical molecular dynamic (MD) calculation. To evaluate the potential application of the CMC-NH4CH3CO2, an electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) was fabricated from the BPE and tested using cyclic voltammetry (CV), and charge-discharge (GCD) for 300 cycles and the BPE exhibited a specific of capacitance~ 2.4 F/g.

Ionic transport studies of solid bio-polymer electrolytes based on carboxymethyl cellulose doped with ammonium acetate and its potential application as an electrical double layer capacitor

N. K. Zainuddin

Papers

Investigation on the effect of NH4Br at transport properties in k–carrageenan based biopolymer electrolytes via structural and electrical analysis

Investigation on favourable ionic conduction based on CMC-K carrageenan proton conducting hybrid solid bio-polymer electrolytes for applications in EDLC

Study on the effect of PEG in ionic transport for CMC-NH4Br-based solid polymer electrolyte

Characterization on conduction properties of carboxymethyl cellulose/kappa carrageenan blend-based polymer electrolyte system

Ionic transport studies of solid bio-polymer electrolytes based on carboxymethyl cellulose doped with ammonium acetate and its potential application as an electrical double layer capacitor