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N.M. Kroll

Bio: N.M. Kroll is an academic researcher from University of California, San Diego. The author has contributed to research in topics: Photonic crystal & Collider. The author has an hindex of 12, co-authored 48 publications receiving 938 citations.

Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental and numerical study of electromagnetic wave propagation in one-dimensional and two-dimensional (2D) systems composed of periodic arrays of dielectric scatterers is presented.
Abstract: We present an experimental and numerical study of electromagnetic wave propagation in one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) systems composed of periodic arrays of dielectric scatterers. We demonstrate that there are regions of frequency for which the waves are exponentially attenuated for all propagation directions. These regions correspond to band gaps in the calculated band structure, and such systems are termed photonic band-gap (PBG) structures. Removal of a single scatterer from a PBG structure produces a highly localized defect mode, for which the energy density decays exponentially away from the defect origin. Energy-density measurements of defect modes are presented. The experiments were conducted at 6–20 GHz, but we suggest that they may be scaled to infrared frequencies. Analytic and numerical solutions for the band structure and the defect states in 1D structures are derived. Applications of 2D PBG structures are briefly discussed.

283 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an electromagnetic metamaterial was fabricated and demonstrated to exhibit a "left-handed" (LH) propagation band at microwave frequencies, a situation never observed in naturally occurring materials or composites.
Abstract: Recently, an electromagnetic metamaterial was fabricated and demonstrated to exhibit a “left-handed” (LH) propagation band at microwave frequencies. A LH metamaterial is one characterized by material constants—the permeability and permittivity—which are simultaneously negative, a situation never observed in naturally occurring materials or composites. While the presence of the propagation band was shown to be an inherent demonstration of left handedness, actual numerical values for the material constants were not obtained. In the present work, using appropriate averages to define the macroscopic fields, we extract quantitative values for the effective permeability and permittivity from finite-difference simulations using three different approaches.

237 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that a two-dimensional lattice of metal cylinders can form a complete photonic band-gap (PBG) structure, which exhibits a single broad PBG extending from zero frequency to a threshold frequency, above which all modes may propagate in some direction.
Abstract: We demonstrate, by both microwave experiments and numerical simulation, that a two‐dimensional lattice of metal cylinders can form a complete photonic band‐gap (PBG) structure. The band structure exhibits a single broad PBG extending from zero frequency to a threshold frequency, above which all modes may propagate in some direction. A single cylinder removed from the lattice produces a defect mode localized about the defect site, with an energy density attenuation rate of 30 dB per lattice constant. The frequency dependence of the transmission through a finite thickness of this structure is also calculated in good agreement with the measurements. We suggest that the defect mode resonant cavity when formed by appropriate low loss metals may be advantageous for use in PBG high energy accelerator structures that we are evaluating.

144 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
27 Mar 1999
TL;DR: In this article, a new type of damped detuned structure with optimized round-shaped cavities (RDDS) was proposed for X-band accelerator structures for the JLC/NLC linear collider.
Abstract: For more than ten years, we have been working on R&D for X-band accelerator structures for the JLC/NLC linear collider. Several types of Detuned (DS) and Damped Detuned Structures (DDS) have been successfully designed and fabricated. They have been experimentally tested at both low power and high power to characterize their mechanical and electrical properties. Recently we started developing a new type of damped detuned structure with optimized round-shaped cavities (RDDS). This paper discusses the special specifications, design methods, fabrication procedures, measurement technologies, and anticipated future improvements for all these structures.

27 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
17 Jan 2002
TL;DR: The Delay Line Distribution System (DLDS) as discussed by the authors is an alternative to conventional pulse compression, which enhances the peak power of rf sources while matching the long pulse of those sources to the shorter filling time of accelerator structures.
Abstract: The Delay Line Distribution System (DLDS) is an alternative to conventional pulse compression, which enhances the peak power of rf sources while matching the long pulse of those sources to the shorter filling time of accelerator structures. We present an implementation of this scheme that combines pairs of parallel delay lines of the system into single lines. The power of several sources is combined into a single waveguide delay line using a multi-mode launcher. The output mode of the launcher is determined by the phase coding of the input signals. The combined power is extracted from the delay line using mode-selective extractors, each of which extracts a single mode. Hence, the phase coding of the sources controls the output port of the combined power. The power is then fed to the local accelerator structures. We present a detailed design of such a system, including several implementation methods for the launchers, extractors, and ancillary high power rf components. The system is designed so that it can handle the 600 MW peak power required by the NLC design while maintaining high efficiency.

25 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new type of metallic structure has been developed that is characterized by having high surface impedance, which is analogous to a corrugated metal surface in which the corrugations have been folded up into lumped-circuit elements and distributed in a two-dimensional lattice.
Abstract: A new type of metallic electromagnetic structure has been developed that is characterized by having high surface impedance. Although it is made of continuous metal, and conducts dc currents, it does not conduct ac currents within a forbidden frequency band. Unlike normal conductors, this new surface does not support propagating surface waves, and its image currents are not phase reversed. The geometry is analogous to a corrugated metal surface in which the corrugations have been folded up into lumped-circuit elements, and distributed in a two-dimensional lattice. The surface can be described using solid-state band theory concepts, even though the periodicity is much less than the free-space wavelength. This unique material is applicable to a variety of electromagnetic problems, including new kinds of low-profile antennas.

4,264 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present experimental data, numerical simulations, and analytical transfer-matrix calculations for a two-dimensional isotropic, left-handed metamaterial (LHM) at X-band microwave frequencies.
Abstract: We present experimental data, numerical simulations, and analytical transfer-matrix calculations for a two-dimensionally isotropic, left-handed metamaterial (LHM) at X-band microwave frequencies. A LHM is one that has a frequency band with simultaneously negative eeff(ω) and μeff(ω), thereby having real values of index of refraction and wave vectors, and exhibiting extended wave propagation over that band. Our physical demonstration of a two-dimensional isotropic LHM will now permit experiments to verify some of the explicit predictions of reversed electromagnetic-wave properties including negative index of refraction as analyzed by Veselago [Usp. Fiz. Nauk 92, 517 (1964), Sov. Phys. Usp. 10, 509 (1968)].

876 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a quasi-analytical and self-consistent model was developed to compute the polarizabilities of split ring resonators (SRRs) and an experimental setup was also proposed for measuring the magnetic polarizability of these structures.
Abstract: This paper develops a quasi-analytical and self-consistent model to compute the polarizabilities of split ring resonators (SRRs). An experimental setup is also proposed for measuring the magnetic polarizability of these structures. Experimental data are provided and compared with theoretical results computed following the proposed model. By using a local field approach, the model is applied to the obtaining of the dispersion characteristics of discrete negative magnetic permeability and left-handed metamaterials. Two types of SRRs, namely, the so-called edge coupled- and broadside coupled- SRRs, have been considered. A comparative analysis of these two structures has been carried out in connection with their suitability for the design of metamaterials. Advantages and disadvantages of both structures are discussed.

805 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a homogenization technique in which macroscopic fields are determined via averaging the local fields obtained from a full-wave electromagnetic simulation or analytical calculation.
Abstract: Over the past several years, metamaterials have been introduced and rapidly been adopted as a means of achieving unique electromagnetic material response. In metamaterials, artificially structured—often periodically positioned—inclusions replace the atoms and molecules of conventional materials. The scale of these inclusions is smaller than that of the electromagnetic wavelength of interest, so that a homogenized description applies. We present a homogenization technique in which macroscopic fields are determined via averaging the local fields obtained from a full-wave electromagnetic simulation or analytical calculation. The field-averaging method can be applied to homogenize any periodic structure with unit cells having inclusions of arbitrary geometry and material. By analyzing the dispersion diagrams and retrieved parameters found by field averaging, we review the properties of several basic metamaterial structures. © 2006 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 160.0160, 160.1190, 260.2110, 350.5500.

581 citations