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N. Martin

Bio: N. Martin is an academic researcher from Chiang Mai University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Cancer & Population. The author has an hindex of 12, co-authored 13 publications receiving 1976 citations.

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Journal ArticleDOI
Nobuyuki Hamajima, Kaoru Hirose, K. Tajima, T E Rohan1  +289 moreInstitutions (81)
TL;DR: The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women's total number of reproductive years, and endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for ostrogens receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours.
Abstract: BACKGROUND:Menarche and menopause mark the onset and cessation, respectively, of ovarian activity associated with reproduction, and affect breast cancer risk. Our aim was to assess the strengths of their effects and determine whether they depend on characteristics of the tumours or the affected women.METHODS:Individual data from 117 epidemiological studies, including 118 964 women with invasive breast cancer and 306 091 without the disease, none of whom had used menopausal hormone therapy, were included in the analyses. We calculated adjusted relative risks (RRs) associated with menarche and menopause for breast cancer overall, and by tumour histology and by oestrogen receptor expression.FINDINGS:Breast cancer risk increased by a factor of 1·050 (95% CI 1·044-1·057; p<0·0001) for every year younger at menarche, and independently by a smaller amount (1·029, 1·025-1·032; p<0·0001), for every year older at menopause. Premenopausal women had a greater risk of breast cancer than postmenopausal women of an identical age (RR at age 45-54 years 1·43, 1·33-1·52, p<0·001). All three of these associations were attenuated by increasing adiposity among postmenopausal women, but did not vary materially by women's year of birth, ethnic origin, childbearing history, smoking, alcohol consumption, or hormonal contraceptive use. All three associations were stronger for lobular than for ductal tumours (p<0·006 for each comparison). The effect of menopause in women of an identical age and trends by age at menopause were stronger for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease (p<0·01 for both comparisons).INTERPRETATION:The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women's total number of reproductive years. Endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours.

759 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Variations in survival correlated with early detection initiatives and level of development of health services, and emphasises the need for urgent investments in improving awareness, population-based cancer registration, early detection programmes, health-services infrastructure, and human resources.
Abstract: Summary Background Population-based cancer survival data, a key indicator for monitoring progress against cancer, are not widely available from countries in Africa, Asia, and Central America. The aim of this study is to describe and discuss cancer survival in these regions. Methods Survival analysis was done for 341 658 patients diagnosed with various cancers from 1990 to 2001 and followed up to 2003, from 25 population-based cancer registries in 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (The Gambia, Uganda), Central America (Costa Rica), and Asia (China, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey). 5-year age-standardised relative survival (ASRS) and observed survival by clinical extent of disease were determined. Findings For cancers in which prognosis depends on stage at diagnosis, survival was highest in China, South Korea, Singapore, and Turkey and lowest in Uganda and The Gambia. 5-year ASRS ranged from 76–82% for breast cancer, 63–79% for cervical cancer, 71–78% for bladder cancer, and 44–60% for large-bowel cancers in China, Singapore, South Korea, and Turkey. Survival did not exceed 22% for any cancer site in The Gambia; in Uganda, survival did not exceed 13% for any cancer site except breast (46%). Variations in survival correlated with early detection initiatives and level of development of health services. Interpretation The wide variation in cancer survival between regions emphasises the need for urgent investments in improving awareness, population-based cancer registration, early detection programmes, health-services infrastructure, and human resources. Funding Association for International Cancer Research (AICR; St Andrews, UK), Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC, Villejuif, France), and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Seattle, USA).

495 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Every MHT type, except vaginal oestrogens, was associated with excess breast cancer risks, which increased steadily with duration of use and were greater for oestrogen-progestagen than oest estrogen-only preparations; among current users, these excess risks were definite even during years 1–4.

399 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Eugenia E. Calle1, Susan M. Gapstur1, Alpa V. Patel, L. Dal Maso, R. Talamini, Angela Chetrit, Galit Hirsh-Yechezkel, Flora Lubin, Siegal Sadetzki, Emily Banks, Valerie Beral, Diana Bull, K. Callaghan, B Crossley, K Gaitskell, A. Goodill, Jane Green, C Hermon, Timothy J. Key, Kath Moser, G Reeves, Freddy Sitas2, R. Collins3, R. Doll3, Richard Peto3, Clicerio Gonzalez, N. Lee4, P. Marchbanks4, Howard W. Ory4, Herbert B. Peterson4, Phyllis A. Wingo4, N. Martin5, Tieng Pardthaisong5, S. Silpisornkosol5, C. Theetranont5, B. Boosiri6, S. Chutivongse6, P. Jimakorn6, Pramuan Virutamasen6, C. Wongsrichanalai6, Anne Tjønneland, Linda Titus-Ernstoff7, Tim Byers8, T E Rohan9, Berit Jul Mosgaard10, M. Vessey, D. Yeates, Jo L. Freudenheim11, Jenny Chang-Claude12, Rudolf Kaaks12, Kristin E. Anderson13, Aaron R. Folsom13, Kim Robien13, J. Hampton14, Polly A. Newcomb14, Mary Anne Rossing14, David B. Thomas14, N. S. Weiss14, Elio Riboli15, F. Clavel-Chapelon, Daniel W. Cramer16, Susan E. Hankinson16, Shelley S. Tworoger16, Silvia Franceschi17, C. La Vecchia18, Eva Negri18, H. O. Adami19, Cecilia Magnusson19, Tomas Riman19, Elisabete Weiderpass19, Alicja Wolk19, Leo J. Schouten20, P.A. van den Brandt20, N. Chantarakul21, Suporn Koetsawang21, D. Rachawat21, Domenico Palli, Amanda Black22, L A Brinton22, D. M. Freedman22, Patricia Hartge22, Ann W. Hsing22, Jr V. Lacey22, Robert N. Hoover22, Catherine Schairer22, Margaret I. Urban23, Sidsel Graff-Iversen24, Randi Selmer24, Chris Bain25, Adèle C. Green25, David M. Purdie25, Victor Siskind25, Penelope M. Webb25, K. Moysich26, Susan E. McCann26, P. Hannaford27, Kay Cr27, Colin W. Binns28, Andy H. Lee28, M. Zhang28, Roberta B. Ness29, P. C. Nasca30, Patricia F. Coogan31, Julie R. Palmer31, Lynn Rosenberg31, J. Kelsey32, R. Paffenbarger32, Alice S. Whittemore32, Klea Katsouyanni33, Antonia Trichopoulou33, Dimitrios Trichopoulos33, Anastasia Tzonou33, A. Dabancens34, L. Martinez34, R. Molina34, O. Salas34, Marc T. Goodman35, Galina Lurie35, Michael E. Carney35, Lynne R. Wilkens35, Linda Werner Hartman36, Jonas Manjer36, Håkan Olsson36, Jeane Ann Grisso37, Mark A. Morgan37, J. E. Wheeler37, C. H. Bunker38, Robert P. Edwards38, Francesmary Modugno38, P. H. M. Peeters39, John T. Casagrande40, Malcolm C. Pike40, R. K. Ross40, Anna H. Wu40, Anthony B. Miller41, Merethe Kumle, Inger T. Gram, Eiliv Lund, L. Mcgowan42, X. O. Shu43, Wei Zheng43, Timothy M.M. Farley44, S. Holck44, O. Meirik44, Harvey A. Risch45 
TL;DR: The excess of mucinous ovarian cancers in smokers is roughly counterbalanced by the deficit of endometrioid and clear-cell ovarian cancers, suggesting that smoking-related risks by tumour subtype is important for understanding ovarian carcinogenesis.
Abstract: Background Smoking has been linked to mucinous ovarian cancer, but its effects on other ovarian cancer subtypes and on overall ovarian cancer risk are unclear, and the findings from most studies with relevant data are unpublished To assess these associations, we review the published and unpublished evidence Methods Eligible epidemiological studies were identified by electronic searches, review articles, and discussions with colleagues Individual participant data for 28 114 women with and 94 942 without ovarian cancer from 51 epidemiological studies were analysed centrally, yielding adjusted relative risks (RRs) of ovarian cancer in smokers compared with never smokers Findings After exclusion of studies with hospital controls, in which smoking could have affected recruitment, overall ovarian cancer incidence was only slightly increased in current smokers compared with women who had never smoked (RR 106, 95% CI 101-111, p=001) Of 17 641 epithelial cancers with specified histology, 2314 (13%) were mucinous, 2360 (13%) endometrioid, 969 (5%) clear-cell, and 9086 (52%) serous Smoking-related risks varied substantially across these subtypes (p(heterogeneity)<00001) For mucinous cancers, incidence was increased in current versus never smokers (179, 95% CI 160-200, p<00001), but the increase was mainly in borderline malignant rather than in fully malignant tumours (225, 95% CI 191-265 vs 149, 128-173; p(heterogeneity)=001; almost half the mucinous tumours were only borderline malignant) Both endometrioid (081, 95% CI 072-092, p=0001) and clear-cell ovarian cancer risks (080, 95% CI 065-097, p=003) were reduced in current smokers, and there was no significant association for serous ovarian cancers (099, 95% CI 093-106, p=08) These associations did not vary significantly by 13 sociodemographic and personal characteristics of women including their body-mass index, parity, and use of alcohol, oral contraceptives, and menopausal hormone therapy Interpretation The excess of mucinous ovarian cancers in smokers, which is mainly of tumours of borderline malignancy, is roughly counterbalanced by the deficit of endometrioid and clear-cell ovarian cancers The substantial variation in smoking-related risks by tumour subtype is important for understanding ovarian carcinogenesis

220 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Valerie Beral, C Hermon, Richard Peto, G Reeves, Louise A. Brinton, Polly A. Marchbanks, Eva Negri, R. Ness, P. H. M. Peeters, M. Vessey, Eugenia E. Calle1, Susan M. Gapstur1, Alpa V. Patel1, L. Dal Maso, R. Talamini, Angela Chetrit, Galit Hirsh-Yechezkel, Flora Lubin, Siegal Sadetzki, Naomi E. Allen2, Diana Bull2, K. Callaghan2, B. Crossley2, K Gaitskell2, A. Goodill2, Jane Green2, Timothy J. Key2, K. Moser2, Rory Collins3, R. Doll3, Clicerio Gonzalez, N. Lee4, Howard W. Ory4, Herbert B. Peterson4, Phyllis A. Wingo4, N. Martin5, Tieng Pardthaisong5, S. Silpisornkosol5, C. Theetranont5, B. Boosiri6, S. Chutivongse6, P. Jimakorn6, Pramuan Virutamasen6, C. Wongsrichanalai6, Anne Tjønneland, Linda Titus-Ernstoff7, T. Byers8, T E Rohan9, Berit Jul Mosgaard10, D. Yeates, Jo L. Freudenheim11, Jenny Chang-Claude12, Rudolf Kaaks, Kristin E. Anderson13, Aaron R. Folsom13, Kim Robien13, Mary Anne Rossing14, David B. Thomas14, N. S. Weiss14, Elio Riboli15, F. Clavel-Chapelon16, Daniel W. Cramer17, Susan E. Hankinson17, Shelley S. Tworoger17, Silvia Franceschi18, C. La Vecchia19, Cecilia Magnusson20, Tomas Riman20, Elisabete Weiderpass20, Alicja Wolk20, Leo J. Schouten21, P.A. van den Brandt21, N. Chantarakul22, Suporn Koetsawang22, D. Rachawat22, Domenico Palli, Amanda Black23, A. Berrington de Gonzalez23, L A Brinton23, D. M. Freedman23, Patricia Hartge23, Ann W. Hsing23, James V. Lacey23, Robert N. Hoover23, Catherine Schairer23, Sidsel Graff-Iversen24, Randi Selmer24, Chris Bain25, Adèle C. Green25, David M. Purdie25, Victor Siskind25, Penelope M. Webb25, Susan E. McCann26, P. Hannaford27, Kay Cr27, Colin W. Binns28, Andy H. Lee28, M. Zhang28, Roberta B. Ness29, P. C. Nasca30, Patricia F. Coogan31, Julie R. Palmer31, Lynn Rosenberg31, J. Kelsey32, R. Paffenbarger32, Alice S. Whittemore32, Klea Katsouyanni33, Antonia Trichopoulou33, Dimitrios Trichopoulos33, Anastasia Tzonou33, A. Dabancens34, L. Martinez34, R. Molina34, O. Salas34, Marc T. Goodman35, Galina Lurie35, Michael E. Carney35, Lynne R. Wilkens35, Linda Werner Hartman36, Jonas Manjer36, Håkan Olsson36, Jeane Ann Grisso37, Mark A. Morgan37, J. E. Wheeler37, John T. Casagrande38, M. C. Pike38, R. K. Ross38, Anna H. Wu38, Anthony B. Miller39, Merethe Kumle40, Eiliv Lund40, L. Mcgowan41, Xiao-Ou Shu42, Wei Zheng42, Timothy M.M. Farley43, S. Holck43, O. Meirik43, Harvey A. Risch44 
TL;DR: A reanalysis of published and unpublished data from epidemiological studies examines the association between height, body mass index, and the risk of developing ovarian cancer.
Abstract: A reanalysis of published and unpublished data from epidemiological studies examines the association between height, body mass index, and the risk of developing ovarian cancer.

170 citations


Cited by
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TL;DR: A substantial proportion of the worldwide burden of cancer could be prevented through the application of existing cancer control knowledge and by implementing programs for tobacco control, vaccination, and early detection and treatment, as well as public health campaigns promoting physical activity and a healthier dietary intake.
Abstract: The global burden of cancer continues to increase largely because of the aging and growth of the world population alongside an increasing adoption of cancer-causing behaviors, particularly smoking, in economically developing countries. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008; of these, 56% of the cases and 64% of the deaths occurred in the economically developing world. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females, accounting for 23% of the total cancer cases and 14% of the cancer deaths. Lung cancer is the leading cancer site in males, comprising 17% of the total new cancer cases and 23% of the total cancer deaths. Breast cancer is now also the leading cause of cancer death among females in economically developing countries, a shift from the previous decade during which the most common cause of cancer death was cervical cancer. Further, the mortality burden for lung cancer among females in developing countries is as high as the burden for cervical cancer, with each accounting for 11% of the total female cancer deaths. Although overall cancer incidence rates in the developing world are half those seen in the developed world in both sexes, the overall cancer mortality rates are generally similar. Cancer survival tends to be poorer in developing countries, most likely because of a combination of a late stage at diagnosis and limited access to timely and standard treatment. A substantial proportion of the worldwide burden of cancer could be prevented through the application of existing cancer control knowledge and by implementing programs for tobacco control, vaccination (for liver and cervical cancers), and early detection and treatment, as well as public health campaigns promoting physical activity and a healthier dietary intake. Clinicians, public health professionals, and policy makers can play an active role in accelerating the application of such interventions globally.

52,293 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results for 20 world regions are presented, summarizing the global patterns for the eight most common cancers, and striking differences in the patterns of cancer from region to region are observed.
Abstract: Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 cancers in 2008 have been prepared for 182 countries as part of the GLOBOCAN series published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In this article, we present the results for 20 world regions, summarizing the global patterns for the eight most common cancers. Overall, an estimated 12.7 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths occur in 2008, with 56% of new cancer cases and 63% of the cancer deaths occurring in the less developed regions of the world. The most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide are lung (1.61 million, 12.7% of the total), breast (1.38 million, 10.9%) and colorectal cancers (1.23 million, 9.7%). The most common causes of cancer death are lung cancer (1.38 million, 18.2% of the total), stomach cancer (738,000 deaths, 9.7%) and liver cancer (696,000 deaths, 9.2%). Cancer is neither rare anywhere in the world, nor mainly confined to high-resource countries. Striking differences in the patterns of cancer from region to region are observed.

21,040 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Changing global incidence and mortality patterns for select common cancers and the opportunities for cancer prevention in developing countries are described.
Abstract: While incidence and mortality rates for most cancers (including lung, colorectum, female breast, and prostate) are decreasing in the United States and many other western countries, they are increasing in several less developed and economically transitioning countries because of adoption of unhealthy western lifestyles such as smoking and physical inactivity and consumption of calorie-dense food. Indeed, the rates for lung and colon cancers in a few of these countries have already surpassed those in the United States and other western countries. Most developing countries also continue to be disproportionately affected by cancers related to infectious agents, such as cervix, liver, and stomach cancers. The proportion of new cancer cases diagnosed in less developed countries is projected to increase from about 56% of the world total in 2008 to more than 60% in 2030 because of the increasing trends in cancer rates and expected increases in life expectancy and growth of the population. In this review, we describe these changing global incidence and mortality patterns for select common cancers and the opportunities for cancer prevention in developing countries.

2,577 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Progress in reducing ovarian cancer incidence and mortality can be accelerated by reducing racial disparities and furthering knowledge of etiology and tumorigenesis to facilitate strategies for prevention and early detection.
Abstract: In 2018, there will be approximately 22,240 new cases of ovarian cancer diagnosed and 14,070 ovarian cancer deaths in the United States. Herein, the American Cancer Society provides an overview of ovarian cancer occurrence based on incidence data from nationwide population-based cancer registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. The status of early detection strategies is also reviewed. In the United States, the overall ovarian cancer incidence rate declined from 1985 (16.6 per 100,000) to 2014 (11.8 per 100,000) by 29% and the mortality rate declined between 1976 (10.0 per 100,000) and 2015 (6.7 per 100,000) by 33%. Ovarian cancer encompasses a heterogenous group of malignancies that vary in etiology, molecular biology, and numerous other characteristics. Ninety percent of ovarian cancers are epithelial, the most common being serous carcinoma, for which incidence is highest in non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) (5.2 per 100,000) and lowest in non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) and Asians/Pacific Islanders (APIs) (3.4 per 100,000). Notably, however, APIs have the highest incidence of endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas, which occur at younger ages and help explain comparable epithelial cancer incidence for APIs and NHWs younger than 55 years. Most serous carcinomas are diagnosed at stage III (51%) or IV (29%), for which the 5-year cause-specific survival for patients diagnosed during 2007 through 2013 was 42% and 26%, respectively. For all stages of epithelial cancer combined, 5-year survival is highest in APIs (57%) and lowest in NHBs (35%), who have the lowest survival for almost every stage of diagnosis across cancer subtypes. Moreover, survival has plateaued in NHBs for decades despite increasing in NHWs, from 40% for cases diagnosed during 1992 through 1994 to 47% during 2007 through 2013. Progress in reducing ovarian cancer incidence and mortality can be accelerated by reducing racial disparities and furthering knowledge of etiology and tumorigenesis to facilitate strategies for prevention and early detection. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:284-296. © 2018 American Cancer Society.

1,983 citations