A fast-Fourier-transform method of topography and interferometry is proposed. By computer processing of a noncontour type of fringe pattern, automatic discrimination is achieved between elevation and depression of the object or wave-front form, which has not been possible by the fringe-contour-generation techniques. The method has advantages over moire topography and conventional fringe-contour interferometry in both accuracy and sensitivity. Unlike fringe-scanning techniques, the method is easy to apply because it uses no moving components.

Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer-based topography and interferometry

An intelligent electronic appliance preferably includes a user interface, data input and/or output port, and an intelligent processor. A preferred embodiment comprises a set top box for interacting with broadband media streams, with an adaptive user interface, content-based media processing and/or media metadata processing, and telecommunications integration. An adaptive user interface models the user, by observation, feedback, and/or explicit input, and presents a user interface and/or executes functions based on the user model. A content-based media processing system analyzes media content, for example audio and video, to understand the content, for example to generate content-descriptive metadata. A media metadata processing system operates on locally or remotely generated metadata to process the media in accordance with the metadata, which may be, for example, an electronic program guide, MPEG 7 data, and/or automatically generated format. A set top box preferably includes digital trick play effects, and incorporated digital rights management features.

Intelligent electronic appliance system and method

An adaptive interface for a programmable system, for predicting a desired user function, based on user history, as well as machine internal status and context. The apparatus receives an input from the user and other data. A predicted input is presented for confirmation by the user, and the predictive mechanism is updated based on this feedback. Also provided is a pattern recognition system for a multimedia device, wherein a user input is matched to a video stream on a conceptual basis, allowing inexact programming of a multimedia device. The system analyzes a data stream for correspondence with a data pattern for processing and storage. The data stream is subjected to adaptive pattern recognition to extract features of interest to provide a highly compressed representation which may be efficiently processed to determine correspondence. Applications of the interface and system include a VCR, medical device, vehicle control system, audio device, environmental control system, securities trading terminal, and smart house. The system optionally includes an actuator for effecting the environment of operation, allowing closed-loop feedback operation and automated learning.

Ergonomic man-machine interface incorporating adaptive pattern recognition based control system

We define a new image feature called the color correlogram and use it for image indexing and comparison. This feature distills the spatial correlation of colors, and is both effective and inexpensive for content-based image retrieval. The correlogram robustly tolerates large changes in appearance and shape caused by changes in viewing positions, camera zooms, etc. Experimental evidence suggests that this new feature outperforms not only the traditional color histogram method but also the recently proposed histogram refinement methods for image indexing/retrieval.

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Image indexing using color correlograms

A self-scanned 1024 element photodiode array and minicomputer are used to measure the phase (wavefront) in the interference pattern of an interferometer to lambda/100. The photodiode array samples intensities over a 32 x 32 matrix in the interference pattern as the length of the reference arm is varied piezoelectrically. Using these data the minicomputer synchronously detects the phase at each of the 1024 points by a Fourier series method and displays the wavefront in contour and perspective plot on a storage oscilloscope in less than 1 min (Bruning et al. Paper WE16, OSA Annual Meeting, Oct. 1972). The array of intensities is sampled and averaged many times in a random fashion so that the effects of air turbulence, vibrations, and thermal drifts are minimized. Very significant is the fact that wavefront errors in the interferometer are easily determined and may be automatically subtracted from current or subsequent wavefrots. Various programs supporting the measurement system include software for determining the aperture boundary, sum and difference of wavefronts, removal or insertion of tilt and focus errors, and routines for spatial manipulation of wavefronts. FFT programs transform wavefront data into point spread function and modulus and phase of the optical transfer function of lenses. Display programs plot these functions in contour and perspective. The system has been designed to optimize the collection of data to give higher than usual accuracy in measuring the individual elements and final performance of assembled diffraction limited optical systems, and furthermore, the short loop time of a few minutes makes the system an attractive alternative to constraints imposed by test glasses in the optical shop.

Digital wavefront measuring interferometer for testing optical surfaces and lenses

The article aims to provide a solution for multispectral image compression for high color reproducibility with preservation to spectral accuracy. In the method previously proposed to reduce the colorimetric error of the reconstructed multispectral image, a weighting matrix is incorporated to Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) as the spectral transform for multispectral image compression, which accounts for the color matching functions of human observers as well as the viewing illuminants. However, the colorimetric improvements are obtained on the cost of degradation of spectral accuracy. In this paper, we show that the reduction of colorimetric error and the preservation of spectral accuracy is a tradeoff that can be controlled by adding a diagonal matrix that is composed of a scalar multiple of an identity matrix to the weighting matrix of KLT. As the result, the small values in the weighting matrix can be lifted up, thus reduce the spectral errors in the corresponding reconstructed multispectral image bands. We implement a multispectral image compression system that integrates the proposed spectral transforms with the addition of diagonal matrix and JPEG2000 for high colorimetric and spectral reproducibility. Experimental results for three 16-band multispectral images show that spectral accuracy can be improved without loss of substantial color reproducibility if the magnitude of the scalar in the diagonal matrix is chosen appropriately.

Multispectral image compression for high fidelity colorimetric and spectral reproduction

Development of 16-bands multispectral image archiving system

Takahiro KOZUKA2 and Nagaaki OHYAMA31College of Biomedical Technology, Osaka University,Toyonaka-city, Osaka, Japan 5602School of Medicine, Osaka University,Fukusima-ku, Osaka-city, Osaka, Japan 5533lmage Information Technology Laboratory, Tokyo Institute ofTechnology, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, Japan 227ABSTRACTRewritable and compact media of magneto-optical disk (MOD) was firstly employedby us to store medical images such as digital X-ray films The purpose is to testfunctions of communication media or circulating media as well as of filing mediaAnother feature of our trial system is to involve voice recording module fordiagnostic reports Method of clinical application and development approach ofour PACS with MOD is discribed in this paper Technology assessment of our systemis also briefly descussed in terms of cost-effectiveness and security problemINTRODUCTIONApplication of WORM (Write Once, Read Many Times) type 12" optical disks to PACShas been developed in many places On the other hand, 525" rewritable magneto-optical disks (MOD) have not yet been employed in PACS1'2 Advantages of 525"magneto-optical disks are rewritability, compactness, and enough time for us todetermine standard protocol for exchangeability of media So, MOD has been verymuch expected to be a file media as well as communication media, in another word,circulating mediaStability and reliability of MOD in the field of PACS have been confirmed by ourexperimental system Both two functions of file and communication were verifiedOn the other hand, radiological reports are also expected to be accompanied byimages from which the reports are pulled out We have developed an experimentalsystem with MOD which involves voice recording module to realize such convenienceThe block diagram and operation flow chart of our PACS are figured out, involvingMOD circulation flow chart File structure of medical images together withdiagnostic report by voice recording is also describedImpact to the cost-effectiveness and security problem is also discussed, as apart of the medical technology assessment in PACS1 TRENDS OF MAGNETO-OPTICAL DISKAt the last SPIE in 1989, magneto-optical disk (MOD) is briefly introduced withdifficult overwrite tolerance, but not with possibility of practical use1 

Trial of PACS employing magneto-optical disks

In this work we propose a method for scatter compensation in single photon emission computed tomography imaging, by which we can estimate the scatter components in projections in high speed with good accuracy. The method is that we first estimate the scatter components in projections based on scatter response kernels by one time of ordered subsets expectation maximization iterative reconstruction, and then subtract the estimated scatter components from the projections and complete reconstruction by filtered back-projection method. The principle is that the image corresponding to the scatter components in projections consists largely of low-frequency components of an activity distribution; these low-frequency components will converge faster than the high ones in iterative reconstruction. Therefore, we can estimate the low-frequency component image before the image converges with the high-frequency ones, and obtain the scatter components by re-projecting the low-frequency component image with scatter response kernels. The effects of the proposed method were compared with the dual- and triple-energy window methods using experimental measurements. The results show that good accuracy in estimated scatter components, good uniformity of scatter compensation at the center and the side of an object, and good noise property can be acquired by this method.

Nagaaki Ohyama

Papers

Multispectral image compression for high fidelity colorimetric and spectral reproduction

Development of 16-bands multispectral image archiving system

Trial of PACS employing magneto-optical disks

Fast Estimation of Scatter Components Using the Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization Algorithm for Scatter Compensation

The optical implementation of an intelligent associative memory system