Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects.

Hydrogels, as interconnected networks (polymer mesh; physically, chemically, or dynamic crosslinked networks) incorporating a high amount of water, present structural characteristics similar to soft natural tissue. They enable the diffusion of different molecules (ions, drugs, and grow factors) and have the ability to take over the action of external factors. Their nature provides a wide variety of raw materials and inspiration for functional soft matter obtained by complex mechanisms and hierarchical self-assembly. Over the last decade, many studies focused on developing innovative and high-performance materials, with new or improved functions, by mimicking biological structures at different length scales. Hydrogels with natural or synthetic origin can be engineered as bulk materials, micro- or nanoparticles, patches, membranes, supramolecular pathways, bio-inks, etc. The specific features of hydrogels make them suitable for a wide variety of applications, including tissue engineering scaffolds (repair/regeneration), wound healing, drug delivery carriers, bio-inks, soft robotics, sensors, actuators, catalysis, food safety, and hygiene products. This review is focused on recent advances in the field of bioinspired hydrogels that can serve as platforms for life-science applications. A brief outlook on the actual trends and future directions is also presented.

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Bioinspired Hydrogels as Platforms for Life-Science Applications: Challenges and Opportunities

UPLC-ESI-MS/MS profiling of the underground parts of common Iris species in relation to their anti-virulence activities against Staphylococcus aureus

Today, tuberculosis (TB) caused by the acid-fast bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the most infectious killer disease globally with high morbidity and mortality rates. The rapid development of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains via intrinsic (efflux pumps) and acquired (biological mutations) mechanisms reduce the efficacy of applied anti-TB regimens. Nevertheless, only bedaquiline (BDQ) and pretomanid (PMD) were added to anti-TB therapy in the last decade. The existing anti-TB drugs also exhibited cytotoxicity and hepatotoxicity from long-term treatment. Thus, exploring or developing potential and less toxic anti-TB candidates, preferably natural-based candidates, is the call of the day. At present, 'quinoline' could be considered one of the versatile scaffolds presented in most mainstream medicines from comprehensive drug reports. Notably, BDQ with two clinically evaluating anti-TB candidates, TBJA-587 and DC-159a was motivated for utilizing quinoline heterocycles. Accordingly, we have selected 65 natural quinoline heterocycles bearing potential anti-TB agents (40 plant-derived and 25 marine-derived) within MIC value ≤ 50 μg/mL from an extensive literature search. Briefly, source, drug chemistry, structural activity relationship, prior pharmacokinetics profiles with drug-ability, toxicity, and hierarchical clustering analysis using various computational tools to identify the most 'drug-able lead' candidate is the uniqueness of the review. From extensive drug analysis, tetrandrine, 2'-nortiliacorinine, tiliacorine, globospiramine, evocarpine, allocuspareine from plant sources, and ecteinascidin 770, 6-hydroxymanzamine E, (-)-8-hydroxymanzamine A, ecteinascidin 786, manzamine F from marine sources are the most potential-cum-drug-able anti-TB candidates. We hope the systematic and critical drug analyses on quinoline-bearing natural anti-TB candidates are helpful to design potential-cum-less toxic anti-TB drugs in the future. 

Quinoline heterocyclic containing plant and marine candidates against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A systematic drug-ability investigation.

The rapid increase in pathogenic microorganisms with antimicrobial resistant profiles has become a significant public health problem globally. The management of this issue using conventional antimicrobial preparations frequently results in an increase in pathogen resistance and a shortage of effective antimicrobials for future use against the same pathogens. In this review, we discuss the emergence of AMR and argue for the importance of addressing this issue by discovering novel synthetic or naturally occurring antibacterial compounds and providing insights into the application of various drug delivery approaches, delivered through numerous routes, in comparison with conventional delivery systems. In addition, we discuss the effectiveness of these delivery systems in different types of infectious diseases associated with antimicrobial resistance. Finally, future considerations in the development of highly effective antimicrobial delivery systems to combat antimicrobial resistance are presented.

Pharmaceutical Approaches on Antimicrobial Resistance: Prospects and Challenges.

A novel in vitro approach to investigate the effect of food intake on release profile of valsartan in solid dispersion-floating gel in-situ delivery system.

First-line drugs (Isoniazid and Rifampicin) for the treatment of tuberculosis are known to have experienced resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of maltodextrin encapsulated rosella calyx extract and its ability to provide a synergistic effect with Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin (RIF) on M. tuberculosis R37rv. Rosella calyxs were macerated using 50% ethanol and encapsulated using maltodextrin. Antibacterial activity was carried out by determining MIC value using Microscopic Observation and Direct Susceptibility (MODS) method. The synergistic effect was carried out by calculating the Fractional Inhibition Concentration Index (FICI). The results showed that this extract was able to inhibit M. tuberculosis H37rv with MIC of 10 mg/ ml. The FICI value of the combination of extract with INH and rifampicin was obtained 1.25. This showed that rosella calyx extract is not synergistic with INH and rifampicin, might be due to rosella calyx extract has an antibacterial effect with a different mechanism with INH and Rifampicin.

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Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kelopak Bunga Rosella Terenkapsulasi Maltodekstrin dan Sinergitasnya dengan Isoniazida dan Rifampisin Terhadap Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37rv

Bacteriocins are bioactive peptides produced by microorganisms. Sourcing of new bacteriocin-producing bacteria is essential as bacteriocin production depends on the microbial strain One of potential source for bacteriocin-producing microorganism is Dangke—a traditional cheese of Enrekang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Dangke contains compounds that can support the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)—one of the well-known bacteriocin-producing bacteria. Specifically, this study focused on finding new strains of bacteriocin-producing LAB from dangke and screening its activity against pathogenic bacteria. LAB were isolated from cow and buffalo dangke using MRSA-CaCO3 1% media. The bacterial isolates obtained were identified based on 16S rRNA analysis. Fermentation was done in MRSB media in 37°C for 72 hours then concentrated with ammonium sulphate 80%, followed by dialysis. Crude bacteriocins were tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. LAB strain B3B1 and S2A1 were successfully isolated from Dangke and were identified as Lactobacillus fermentum strain NBRC 15885 (identities 99%) and Weissella confusa strain JCM 1093 (identities 99%). Crude bacteriocin of L. fermentum strain NBRC 15885 was active against S. aureus with inhibition zone of 11.34 ± 2.97 cm. Based on the result, isolate B3B1 identified as Lactobacillus fermentum from buffalo dangke has potential in producing bacteriocin. Further studies of production, optimization, characterization and screening of other bioactivity of the bacteriocin are suggested

Sourcing new potential bacteriocin-producing bacteria from dangke, ethnic cheese of Enrekang, Indonesia

Kasus kanker kolorektal mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya di seluruh dunia. Salah satu upaya pencegahan kanker kolorektal ialah melalui konsumsi probiotik.  Weisella confusa  tergolong dalam kelompok bakteri asam laktat, isolasi bakteri ini dangke merupakan hal yang baru dan aktivitas probiotik dari isolat ini belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji sifat probiotik  W. confusa  isolat dangke dan potensi sitotoksiknya terhadap larva udang  Artemia salina  sebagai skrining awal efek antikanker. Metode pengujian sifat probiotik meliputi uji toleransi terhadap pH rendah dan uji toleransi terhadap garam empedu. Skrining efek sitotoksik dilakukan menggunakan metode  BSLT ( Brine Shrimp Lethality Test ) menggunakan hasil fermentasi 72 jam dari isolat. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian,  W. confusa  isolat dangke menunjukkan sifat toleran terhadap pH 2 dan garam empedu 0,3%. Hasil uji sitotoksikmenunjukkan bahwa filtrat hasil fermentasi memiliki nilai LC50 lebih dari 1000 µg/ml yang menandakan sampel tidak berefek sitotoksik.Disimpulkan bahwabakteri  W . confusa  isolat dangke menunjukkan potensi sebagai probiotik namun tidak bersifat sitotoksik sehingga tidak berpotensi untuk dilanjutkan pada uji antiproliferasi terhadap sel kanker. Pengujian aktivitas biologis lainnya disarankan untuk mengetahui potensi lain dari bakteri ini.

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Nana Juniarti Natsir Djide

Papers

Pharmaceutical Approaches on Antimicrobial Resistance: Prospects and Challenges.

A novel in vitro approach to investigate the effect of food intake on release profile of valsartan in solid dispersion-floating gel in-situ delivery system.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kelopak Bunga Rosella Terenkapsulasi Maltodekstrin dan Sinergitasnya dengan Isoniazida dan Rifampisin Terhadap Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37rv

Sourcing new potential bacteriocin-producing bacteria from dangke, ethnic cheese of Enrekang, Indonesia

SKRINING POTENSI PROBIOTIK DAN SITOTOKSIK BAKTERI Weisella confusa ISOLAT DANGKE SAPI