자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

This chapter explores the ecology of human development, those forces in the person's environment that affect and influence development. Urie Bronfenbrenner's model of the human ecosystem guides the discussion, making connections between children in families and in communities and the larger society that surrounds them. The human ecosystem model is much like the study of the natural ecology, focusing on the interactions between subjects at various levels of the environment as they affect each other. The interaction between individual and environment forms the basis of an ecological approach to human development. This view sees the process of development as the expansion of the child's conception of the world and the child's ability to act on that world. Risks to development can come from both direct threats and the absence of opportunities for development. Sociocultural risk refers to the impoverishment in the child's world of essential experiences and relationships.

The Ecology of Human Development

Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge

We used meta-analysis to examine recent studies of sex differences in coping. Women were more likely than men to engage in most coping strategies. The strongest effects showed that women were more likely to use strategies that involved verbal expressions to others or the self—to seek emotional support, ruminate about problems, and use positive self-talk. These sex differences were consistent across studies, supporting a dispositional level hypothesis. Other sex differences were dependent on the nature of the stressor, supporting role constraint theory. We also examined whether stressor appraisal (i.e., women's tendencies to appraise stressors as more severe) accountedfor sex differences in coping. We found some support for this idea. To circumvent this issue, we provide some data on relative coping. These data demonstrate that sex differences in relative coping are more in line with our intuitions about the differences in the ways men and women cope with distress.

Sex Differences in Coping Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review and an Examination of Relative Coping

Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs

The ability to work with professionals from other disciplines to deliver collaborative, patient-centred care is considered a critical element of professional practice requiring a specific set of co...

Role understanding and effective communication as core competencies for collaborative practice

Counselor educators are challenged to prepare students for working with culturally diverse clients. The recent attention paid to multicultural counseling competencies has defined domains of learning; however, training methods to support the development of multicultural counseling competencies have received less emphasis. This article focuses on experiential learning as a teaching and learning methodology to increase students' multicultural counseling competencies. The authors outline ethical and practical suggestions for using experiential learning in multicultural counseling curriculum.

Developing Multicultural Counseling Competencies Through Experiential Learning

Increasing recognition of cultural influences on career development requires expanded theoretical and practical perspectives. Theories of career development need to explicate views of culture and provide direction for career counseling with clients who are culturally diverse. The Systems Theory Framework (STF) is a theoretical foundation that accounts for systems of influence on people's career development, including individual, social, and environmental/societal contexts. The discussion provides a rationale for systemic approaches in multicultural career counseling and introduces the central theoretical tenets of the STF. Through applications of the STF, career counselors are challenged to expand their roles and levels of intervention in multicultural career counseling.

Multicultural Career Counseling: Theoretical Applications of the Systems Theory Framework

Using critical incidents to investigate cross-cultural transitions.

1: Introduction to Counseling International Students. 2: International Students: Learners in Transition. 3: The Transition Issues of International Students. 4: Re-Entry Transition. 5: Multicultural Counseling Competencies. 6: Case Examples. 7: Enhancing Counseling Services for International Students. References. Index.

Nancy Arthur

Papers

Role understanding and effective communication as core competencies for collaborative practice

Developing Multicultural Counseling Competencies Through Experiential Learning

Multicultural Career Counseling: Theoretical Applications of the Systems Theory Framework

Using critical incidents to investigate cross-cultural transitions.

Counseling International Students: Clients from Around the World