Nand Kishor

Bio: Nand Kishor is an academic researcher from Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad. The author has contributed to research in topics: Electric power system & Control theory. The author has an hindex of 28, co-authored 153 publications receiving 3476 citations. Previous affiliations of Nand Kishor include Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee & Østfold University College.

A literature survey on load–frequency control for conventional and distribution generation power systems

Abstract: In this paper an extensive literature review on load–frequency control (LFC) problem in power system has been highlighted. The various configuration of power system models and control techniques/strategies that concerns to LFC issues have been addressed in conventional as well as distribution generation-based power systems. Further, investigations on LFC challenges incorporating storage devices BESS/SMES, FACTS devices, wind–diesel and PV systems etc have been discussed too.

A review on hydropower plant models and control

Abstract: The recent increased number of black outs in the power system has been largely due to growing competition and deregulation among the power industry. Power systems are complex nonlinear systems and often exhibit low frequency electro-mechanical oscillations due to insufficient damping caused by severe operating conditions. This needs an advanced modeling and control techniques for effective control of power plants. In case of hydroelectric plant the hydro turbine is a non-linear, non-stationary multivariable system whose characteristics vary significantly with the unpredictable load on it and this presents a difficulty in designing an efficient and reliable controller. A conservatively designed control fails to perform as expected. Keeping this in mind, hydro plant control is an application area with an interesting set of problems for control engineering people. Mainly some of these problems focus towards regulation of turbine with large load variation in the power system. These problems have not been adequately solved and continue to pose challenges to the control community. In this review paper, the authors have tried to broadly categorize the research work done so far on the basis of hydro plant model development and its controller design under different sections. A substantial number of relevant research papers can be found on the plant modeling, design aspects of control methodologies and their performance study.

Islanding and Power Quality Disturbance Detection in Grid-Connected Hybrid Power System Using Wavelet and $S$ -Transform

Abstract: In this paper, comparative study between wavelet transform (WT) and S-transform (ST) based on extracted features for detection of islanding and power quality (PQ) disturbances in hybrid distributed generation (DG) system is presented. The hybrid system consists of DG resources like photovoltaic, fuel cell, and wind energy systems connected to grid. The negative sequence component of the voltage signal is used in islanding detection of these resources from the grid. Voltage signal extracted directly at the point of common coupling is considered for detection of PQ disturbances. Further, the effect of variation of grid impedances on islanding and PQ disturbances and effect of islanding on the coherency between the energy resources is also presented in this paper. The study for different scenarios of DG system is presented in the form of time-frequency analysis. The energy content and standard deviation of ST contour and WT signal is also reported in order to validate the graphical results. The results demonstrate the advantages of S -transform over WT in detection of islanding and different disturbances under noise-free as well as noisy scenarios.

Off-shore wind farm development: Present status and challenges

Abstract: Offshore wind farm (OWF) is an emerging technology in the wind energy conversion system. These wind resources are abundant, stronger, and are more consistent in terms of their availability than land-based wind resources. As a matter of fact significantly higher energy production is achieved due to larger wind turbine ratings and stronger wind profiles. This paper highlights the present scenario and challenges in development of offshore wind power. The challenges and opportunities that exist in the development stages of an offshore wind farm project, from exploration to erection and installation of wind turbines, construction of platforms and laying of sea cables, up to maintenance and de-commissioning, involving important technical aspects are addressed. An application of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission for integration of large scale offshore wind farm with onshore grid is attractive as compared to high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission system. To make the offshore wind farm feasible, reliable and secure, the different aspects in its planning, design and operation are also reviewed in this paper.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

Abstract: The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Optimization methods applied to renewable and sustainable energy: A review

Abstract: Energy is a vital input for social and economic development. As a result of the generalization of agricultural, industrial and domestic activities the demand for energy has increased remarkably, especially in emergent countries. This has meant rapid grower in the level of greenhouse gas emissions and the increase in fuel prices, which are the main driving forces behind efforts to utilize renewable energy sources more effectively, i.e. energy which comes from natural resources and is also naturally replenished. Despite the obvious advantages of renewable energy, it presents important drawbacks, such as the discontinuity of generation, as most renewable energy resources depend on the climate, which is why their use requires complex design, planning and control optimization methods. Fortunately, the continuous advances in computer hardware and software are allowing researchers to deal with these optimization problems using computational resources, as can be seen in the large number of optimization methods that have been applied to the renewable and sustainable energy field. This paper presents a review of the current state of the art in computational optimization methods applied to renewable and sustainable energy, offering a clear vision of the latest research advances in this field.

Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis

Abstract: Large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable energy (namely wind energy and solar PV) may entail new challenges in power systems and more volatility in power prices in liberalized electricity markets. Energy storage can diminish this imbalance, relieving the grid congestion, and promoting distributed generation. The economic implications of grid-scale electrical energy storage technologies are however obscure for the experts, power grid operators, regulators, and power producers. A meticulous techno-economic or cost-benefit analysis of electricity storage systems requires consistent, updated cost data and a holistic cost analysis framework. To this end, this study critically examines the existing literature in the analysis of life cycle costs of utility-scale electricity storage systems, providing an updated database for the cost elements (capital costs, operational and maintenance costs, and replacement costs). Moreover, life cycle costs and levelized cost of electricity delivered by electrical energy storage is analyzed, employing Monte Carlo method to consider uncertainties. The examined energy storage technologies include pumped hydropower storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheel, electrochemical batteries (e.g. lead–acid, NaS, Li-ion, and Ni–Cd), flow batteries (e.g. vanadium-redox), superconducting magnetic energy storage, supercapacitors, and hydrogen energy storage (power to gas technologies). The results illustrate the economy of different storage systems for three main applications: bulk energy storage, T&D support services, and frequency regulation.

A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications

Abstract: Due to the stochastic nature of wind, electric power generated by wind turbines is highly erratic and may affect both the power quality and the planning of power systems. Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) may play an important role in wind power applications by controlling wind power plant output and providing ancillary services to the power system and therefore, enabling an increased penetration of wind power in the system. This article deals with the review of several energy storage technologies for wind power applications. The main objectives of the article are the introduction of the operating principles, as well as the presentation of the main characteristics of energy storage technologies suitable for stationary applications, and the definition and discussion of potential ESS applications in wind power, according to an extensive literature review.

Energy function analysis for power system stability

Abstract: (1990). ENERGY FUNCTION ANALYSIS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILITY. Electric Machines & Power Systems: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 209-210.