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This paper reviews technical and clinical impact of the Microsoft Kinect in physical therapy and rehabilitation. It covers the studies on patients with neurological disorders including stroke, Parkinson’s, cerebral palsy, and MS as well as the elderly patients. Search results in Pubmed and Google scholar reveal increasing interest in using Kinect in medical application. Relevant papers are reviewed and divided into three groups: (1) papers which evaluated Kinect’s accuracy and reliability, (2) papers which used Kinect for a rehabilitation system and provided clinical evaluation involving patients, and (3) papers which proposed a Kinect-based system for rehabilitation but fell short of providing clinical validation. At last, to serve as technical comparison to help future rehabilitation design other sensors similar to Kinect are reviewed.

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A Review on Technical and Clinical Impact of Microsoft Kinect on Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation

Studies of stroke patients undergoing robot-assisted rehabilitation have revealed various kinematic parameters describing movement quality of the upper limb. However, due to the different level of stroke impairment and different assessment criteria and interventions, the evaluation of the effectiveness of rehabilitation program is undermined. This paper presents a systematic review of kinematic assessments of movement quality of the upper limb and identifies the suitable parameters describing impairments in stroke patients. A total of 41 different clinical and pilot studies on different phases of stroke recovery utilizing kinematic parameters are evaluated. Kinematic parameters describing movement accuracy are mostly reported for chronic patients with statistically significant outcomes and correlate strongly with clinical assessments. Meanwhile, parameters describing feed-forward sensorimotor control are the most frequently reported in studies on sub-acute patients with significant outcomes albeit without correlation to any clinical assessments. However, lack of measures in coordinated movement and proximal component of upper limb enunciate the difficulties to distinguish the exploitation of joint redundancies exhibited by stroke patients in completing the movement. A further study on overall measures of coordinated movement is recommended.

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Assessment of movement quality in robot- assisted upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: a review.

For several years now, scientists have been proposing numerous models for defining anything "as a service (aaS)", including discussions of products, processes, data a information management, and security as a service. In this paper, based on a thorough literature survey, we investigate the vast stream of the state of the art in Everything as a Service (XaaS). We then use this investigation to explore an integrated view of XaaS that will help propose approaches for migrating applications to the cloud and exposing them as services.

Everything as a Service (XaaS) on the Cloud: Origins, Current and Future Trends

Walking ability is frequently assessed with the 10-meter walking test (10MWT), which may be instrumented with multiple Kinect v2 sensors to complement the typical stopwatch-based time to walk 10 meters with quantitative gait information derived from Kinect’s 3D body point’s time series. The current study aimed to evaluate a multi-Kinect v2 set-up for quantitative gait assessments during the 10MWT against a gold-standard motion-registration system by determining between-systems agreement for body point’s time series, spatiotemporal gait parameters and the time to walk 10 meters. To this end, the 10MWT was conducted at comfortable and maximum walking speed, while 3D full-body kinematics was concurrently recorded with the multi-Kinect v2 set-up and the Optotrak motion-registration system (i.e., the gold standard). Between-systems agreement for body point’s time series was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Between-systems agreement was similarly determined for the gait parameters’ walking speed, cadence, step length, stride length, step width, step time, stride time (all obtained for the intermediate 6 meters) and the time to walk 10 meters, complemented by Bland-Altman’s bias and limits of agreement. Body point’s time series agreed well between the motion-registration systems, particularly so for body points in motion. For both comfortable and maximum walking speeds, the between-systems agreement for the time to walk 10 meters and all gait parameters except step width was high (ICC ≥ 0.888), with negligible biases and narrow limits of agreement. Hence, body point’s time series and gait parameters obtained with a multi-Kinect v2 set-up match well with those derived with a gold standard in 3D measurement accuracy. Future studies are recommended to test the clinical utility of the multi-Kinect v2 set-up to automate 10MWT assessments, thereby complementing the time to walk 10 meters with reliable spatiotemporal gait parameters obtained objectively in a quick, unobtrusive and patient-friendly manner.

/pdf/kinematic-validation-of-a-multi-kinect-v2-instrumented-10-4tqoww66at.pdf

Kinematic Validation of a Multi-Kinect v2 Instrumented 10-Meter Walkway for Quantitative Gait Assessments

This report presents the results of KINECT applications used in physical rehabilitation tests. Aoyama Gakuin and Kitasato universities collaborated on this project, which is supported by SCOPE. The applications, following standard tests, are for the timed “Up & Go Test”, the timed “10-Meter Walk Test” and for a Joint “Range of Motion” Measurement”; test results are given. The implementation, evaluation and advantages of a proposed “Real-time ROM Measurement” are also given. The proposed KINECT application will be useful for enhancement of KINECT technical capabilities and for further advancements in medical care.

KINECT applications for the physical rehabilitation

Recently, bicycle accidents have been increasing. One of the causes is poor road maintenance because of its high costs. The purpose of this study is the reduction of maintenance cost. We propose a method to detect road damage from cyclists pedaling motion. First, cyclists wear a smartphone in their pants' side pocket and collect acceleration signals with embedded accelerometer. Second, the collected signals are separated into road signal and pedaling signal by applying Independent Component Analysis (ICA). Finally, road condition is classified depending on road signal's feature. We carried out experiments on three road conditions: flat, positive step damage, and negative step damage. Using proposed method, road condition's classification overall accuracy was 70%.

Detection of Road Damage using Signals of Smartphone-Embedded Accelerometer while Cycling

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a system allowing a subject to further easily measure a joint angle by performing an operation of opening/closing a designated joint with a will of his/her own.SOLUTION: A joint angle measuring system includes: an imaging unit with depth information for generating photographing image data of a subject, depth information of each pixel of the photographing image data, and skeleton information of the subject in a virtual three-dimensional space; and a joint angle calculation unit that generates spatial vector information of two sides connected to the joint that is designated in the skeleton and the movable range of which is to be measured, and calculates the joint angle on the basis of the spatial vector information of the two sides.

Joint angle measuring system

With the invention of the optical fiber and the IP technology revolution, many networking centered services have been proposed in terms of the “Cloud”. The paper proposes a Hybrid Network service, that is: a combination of a dark fiber network (non-IP) and an IP network. Two types of three dimensional (3D) test-bed operation and a practical introduction of 2D high-definition video (HDV) distribution are described.

Naofumi Kitsunezaki

Papers

KINECT applications for the physical rehabilitation

KINECT applications for the physical rehabilitation

Detection of Road Damage using Signals of Smartphone-Embedded Accelerometer while Cycling

Joint angle measuring system

Hybrid network as a service: Proposal and implementation