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Basic Laboratory Procedures In Clinical Bacteriology

beta-lactam antibiotics.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of VRSA among patients attending Erbil Teaching Hospital and their resistance to community used antibiotics. Materials and methods: Cultural studies using different cultures and biochemical tests were done to ensure the identity of species under study. Susceptibility of the isolates for the antibiotics test were done using discs of twenty two different antibiotic discs including (Carbenicillin (CAR), Vancomycin (VA), Clindamycin (DA), Methicillin (MY), Cephalothin (KF), Pipercillin (PRL), Nitrofurantoin (F), Cephalexin (CL), Rifampicin (RA), Gentamycin (G), Chloramphenicol (C), Trimethoprim–Sulphamethaxazole (SXT), Ceftazidime (CAZ), Polymyxin B (PB), Amoxicillin–Clavulanic acid (AMC), Doxycycline (DO), Amikacin (AK), Oxacillin (OX), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Cefixime (CFM), Cefoperazone (CEP) and Neomycin (NEO). Results: The results show that resistance for the antibiotics ranged from 26.31% to 98.61% for DA and MY consecutively. 78.94% of those demonstrated resistance to MY have also found resist to VA antibiotic. Thus, the current study concludes that some strains of S. aureus isolates acquired genes that are able to resist those antibiotics. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results of the current study showed an increase of Vancomycin resistance among MRSA and excessive use of antimicrobial agents have worsened the sensitivity, which call for further epidemiological studies.

Vancomycin Resistance among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Clinical Samples in Erbil City-Iraq

Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.

Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri Metropolis

Background: Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemases (blakpc) can hydrolyze carbapenems, which cause many bacteria resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, so the rapid spread of blakpc is concerning. Laboratory identification of blakpc-carrying clinical isolates would be critical in limiting the bacteria's spread. This study would look at a quick and low-cost real-time PCR assay for detecting the level of expression of the black gene from Klebsiella pneumonia before and after being treated with a specific concentration of the Meropenemas drug. Method: From January 2021 to March 2021, Twenty-three K. pneumoniae strains were collected from patients presenting at various hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq. The disk diffusion method was used to test the strains, and the E-test minimum inhibitory concentration was determined (MIC). The black gene was then identified using the reverse transcription-PCR method. Finally, gene expression was measured using a real-time PCR assay in the presence and absence of Meropenem antibiotics. Results: Phenotypic testing revealed a high level of antibiotic resistance, whereas genotypic methods revealed the presence and expression of carbapenemase gene. Conclusion: The findings suggest revisions to current antibiotic therapy protocols due to the high expression level of resistant carbapenemases in K. pneumoniae strains.
Keywords: MIC, Meropenemas antibiotic, Gene expression, Real-time PCR.

Molecular detection and gene expression of carbapenemase (blakpc) encoding gene of Klebsiella pneumonae isolated from clinical samples.

Three hundred and sixty different samples were collected from different sources, including wound, burn, nasal, and oral swabs from several hospitals in Baghdad. A number of 150 (53%) Staphylococcus aureus samples were isolated and identified among a total of 283 samples. Then, the spread of the Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 gene (tsst-1) was investigated in β-lactamase resistant S. aureus. According to the source of samples, the distribution of S. aureus  isolates was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.01) in wound samples as compared to other sources. According to the age, a highly significant  distribution (p < 0.01) was recorded in the age group of 15-30 years, whereas gender comparison showed no statistically significant differences. All the isolates were subjected to susceptibility test against eight β-Lactam antibiotics by using the disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that S. aureus had maximum resistance percentage to Carbenicillin (97.3%), while the lowest resistance rate was against Meropenem, with a sensitivity rate of up to 82%. In addition, 144 (96%) out of the 150 S. aureus isolates have multiple drug resistance (MDR). All the isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction to amplify tsst-1 toxin gene. A number of 70 isolates (46.7%) were found to be positive for tsst-1 gene. The results showed no significant correlation between tsst-1 gene with the individual antibiotic resistance and the multi-drug resistance patterns of the isolates (p = 0.226).

Nariman Nidhal Omar

Papers

A Molecular Study of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin gene (tsst-1) in β-lactam Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates