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Nayere Karegar

Bio: Nayere Karegar is an academic researcher from Islamic Azad University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Supply chain & Stackelberg competition. The author has an hindex of 2, co-authored 2 publications receiving 9 citations.

Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this article, a production inventory problem is considered in a two-level supply chain and the problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game, and then, the retail fi xed mark-up policy is examined in order to investigate its performance on supply chain.
Abstract: Many contracts, such as buy-back policy, cost- and revenue- sharing policies, are widely applied in the literature for supply chain coordination problem. However, the additional gain from coordination may not necessarily cover the extra administrative costs incurred by applying these contracts. In this paper, a production inventory problem is considered in a two-level supply chain. The problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game. Then, the retail fi xed mark-up (RFM) policy is examined in order to investigate its performance on supply chain. We apply this policy because of its lower administrative costs compared to other policies. We found that RFM policy is not capable of coordinating the channel; however, it leads to considerable improvements over the channel. For example, it is shown that it improves each member’s profi t and leads to Pareto improvement over Stackelberg policy. Besides, its average effi ciency is about 96% of that of integrated policy approach.

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction between one manufacturer and a single retailer in a channel in which both are willing to optimize their profit by adjusting pricing and advertising decisions is discussed, and the problem is modelled under integrated policy and Stackelberg game.
Abstract: This paper discusses the interaction between one manufacturer and a single retailer in a channel in which both are willing to optimize their profit by adjusting pricing and advertising decisions. The manufacturer produces and sells a product at wholesale price to the retailer who in turn distributes it to consumers with retail price. The market demand is simultaneously affected by retail price, brand advertising of the manufacturer, and local advertising of the retailer. A Cobb-Douglas demand function is used to demonstrate the relationship between the parameters. Decision variables are two firms’ prices and their advertising investments. The problem is modelled under integrated policy and Stackelberg game. Also, we examine Retail Fixed Markup (RFM) policy and investigate its performance on supply chain. Then, the solution under three policies compared by numerical study, and the Pareto-efficient strategy is derived. We found numerically that a properly designed RFM policy improves each member’s profit and leads to Pareto improvement over Stackelberg policy. Besides, it improves the total supply chain’s profit by 600% in average comparing to Stackelberg policy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.24.2.1753

2 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared store and on-shelf FMCG product availability at SKU level in different stores of a single retailer and investigated the indirect effect of inventory level on sale, by using store and shelf out-of-stocks as mediators.
Abstract: By increasing inventories, retailers attempt to raise service levels, and thus increase sale. However, in addition to a positive impact on product availability and sale, higher inventory levels may cause problems in performing in-store activities. As poor backroom-to-shelf replenishment process emerges as one of the most common causes of stock-out situations, this article compares store and on-shelf FMCG product availability at SKU level in different stores of a single retailer. In relation to this, besides direct, we have also investigated the indirect effect of inventory level on sale, by using store and shelf out-of-stocks as mediators. The results of the research showing much higher level of shelf- compared to store stock-out rate confirmed the existence of the problem in the realization of internal product flows within retail stores. However, despite the occurrence of this problem, besides direct positive effect of inventory level on sale, its indirect effect was positive as well. Therefore, these results were analysed in the context of other similar studies. In addition to empirical research, the article also discusses certain implications of more efficient organisation of in-store activities.

13 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the coordination of pricing and cooperative advertising policies in a two-echelon supply chain under fuzziness of demand function's parameters and manufacturing costs is addressed, and the equilibrium wholesale and retail prices, national and local advertising expenditures, and participation rate are determined using the concepts of possibilistic game theory.
Abstract: This paper addresses coordination of pricing and cooperative advertising policies in a two-echelon supply chain under fuzziness of demand function’s parameters and manufacturing costs. Three different decentralized scenarios are introduced with regard to the players’ market power: (1) manufacturer-Stackelberg game where the manufacturer has the dominant power in the channel, (2) retailer-Stackelberg game where the manufacturer follows the strategies taken by a dominant retailer, and (3) Nash game where the manufacture and the retailer with the same market power make the decisions simultaneously. The equilibrium wholesale and retail prices, national and local advertising expenditures, and participation rate are determined using the concepts of possibilistic game theory, and the results are compared with the centralized channel scenario. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling approach, and sensitivity analyses are carried out to measure the impact of the demand function’s parameters as well as the levels of uncertainty.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a review of coordination, cooperation, and collaboration (CCC) mechanisms in production-inventory studies is presented, where a total of 118 articles were reviewed and the implemented CCC mechanisms were classified into three main categories: contractual practices, joint decision-making practices, and information-sharing practices.
Abstract: ABSTRACT In a competitive environment, effective management of production and inventory decisions is critical to maintain an efficient and balanced flow of the supply chain system. Manufacturing companies across supply chains have recognised that inventories can be managed more effectively through increased collaboration and better coordination. In practice, production planning and inventory control decisions are not separated, and supply chain members can significantly reduce costs through the coordination of production and inventory decisions. Research in this field has received much attention in recent years. This study aims to review coordination, cooperation, and collaboration (CCC) mechanisms in production-inventory studies. By using an established research methodology, a total of 118 articles were reviewed and the implemented CCC mechanisms were classified into three main categories: contractual practices, joint decision-making practices, and information-sharing practices. By examining the selected articles according to the implemented methodologies and their impact on the sustainably of supply chains, research gaps and future directions for academics and practitioners were identified. This study shows that more research is needed to discover the impact of combining different CCC mechanisms on supply chain efficiency in terms of economic, environmental, and social concerns.

4 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2018
TL;DR: In this article, an insight to understand the Supplier Relationship Management and the significant factors affecting the relationship is provided, an attempt has been made to prioritize or rank the Key factors and subsequently Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been resorted as a tool to rank the different sub factors responsible for the afore-said supplier Relationship management Indubitable, this paper will guide the budding managers of the manufacturing industries as to how to create the buyer supplier bond which will be fulfilling and will provide a win- win situation.
Abstract: Supplier Relationship Management has been attached paramount importance with a view to maintaining a superior performance of the supply chain in a manufacturing industry. Both academic and corporate are striving hard to establish a long term understanding with the manufacturer and supplier as this will pave the way for a greater success. This paper provides an insight to understand the Supplier Relationship Management and the significant factors affecting the relationship. An attempt has been made to prioritize or rank the Key factors and subsequently Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been resorted as a tool to rank the different sub factors of the Key factors responsible for the afore-said supplier Relationship management Indubitable, this paper will guide the budding managers of the manufacturing industries as to how to create the buyer supplier bond which will be fulfilling and will provide a win- win situation.

4 citations