We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

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Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

Objective: To describe the promise and potential of big data analytics in healthcare. Methods: The paper describes the nascent field of big data analytics in healthcare, discusses the benefits, outlines an architectural framework and methodology, describes examples reported in the literature, briefly discusses the challenges, and offers conclusions. Results: The paper provides a broad overview of big data analytics for healthcare researchers and practitioners. Conclusions: Big data analytics in healthcare is evolving into a promising field for providing insight from very large data sets and improving outcomes while reducing costs. Its potential is great; however there remain challenges to overcome.

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Big data analytics in healthcare: promise and potential

This paper presents the design of a read-optimized relational DBMS that contrasts sharply with most current systems, which are write-optimized. Among the many differences in its design are: storage of data by column rather than by row, careful coding and packing of objects into storage including main memory during query processing, storing an overlapping collection of column-oriented projections, rather than the current fare of tables and indexes, a non-traditional implementation of transactions which includes high availability and snapshot isolation for read-only transactions, and the extensive use of bitmap indexes to complement B-tree structures.We present preliminary performance data on a subset of TPC-H and show that the system we are building, C-Store, is substantially faster than popular commercial products. Hence, the architecture looks very encouraging.

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C-store: a column-oriented DBMS

Robust biomacromolecules could be used for a wide range of biotechnological applications. Here the authors report a biomimetic mineralization process, in which biomolecules are encapsulated within metal-organic frameworks, and their stability is subsequently increased without significant bioactivity loss.

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Biomimetic mineralization of metal-organic frameworks as protective coatings for biomacromolecules.

Gold Nanomaterials at Work in Biomedicine

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Fuel options: The ideal biofuel

Having proven their worth in long-distance communications, photons will soon take over inside the computer. So some researchers say that, within just a few years, many of the copper connections in computers will yield to high-speed optical interconnects, in which photons, rather than electrons, will pass signals from board to board, or chip to chip, or even from one part of a chip to another. The idea is simple in principle, and parallels telecommunications systems. An electrical signal from the processor would modulate a miniature laser beam, which would shine through the air or a waveguide to a photodetector, which would in turn pass the signal on to the electronics. Though at the moment it is more expensive to communicate with light than with electric current, the day is coming when only optical technologies will be able to keep up with the demands of ever-more-powerful microprocessors, just as they are now the only reasonable way to move the world's Internet traffic across the kilometers.

Linking with light [high-speed optical interconnects]

Judea Pearl's passionate advocacy of the importance of probability and causality helped revolutionize artificial intelligence.

Game changer

Graphene is phenomenally strong, thin, flexible, transparent and conductive — and applications beckon.

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Materials science: Super carbon

Spatial control of the phase and amplitude of a laser beam is useful for applications ranging from imaging and holography to interferometry and optical tweezers, reports Neil Savage.

Neil Savage

Papers

Fuel options: The ideal biofuel

Linking with light [high-speed optical interconnects]

Game changer

Materials science: Super carbon

Digital spatial light modulators