Algebraically Closed Fields- Real Closed Fields- Semi-Algebraic Sets- Algebra- Decomposition of Semi-Algebraic Sets- Elements of Topology- Quantitative Semi-algebraic Geometry- Complexity of Basic Algorithms- Cauchy Index and Applications- Real Roots- Cylindrical Decomposition Algorithm- Polynomial System Solving- Existential Theory of the Reals- Quantifier Elimination- Computing Roadmaps and Connected Components of Algebraic Sets- Computing Roadmaps and Connected Components of Semi-algebraic Sets

Algorithms in real algebraic geometry

The 1999 Regional Haze Rule provides a context for this review of visibility, the science that describes it, and the use of that science in regulatory guidance The scientific basis for the 1999 regulation is adequate The deciview metric that tracks progress is an imperfect but objective measure of what people see near the prevailing visual range The definition of natural visibility conditions is adequate for current planning, but it will need to be refined as visibility improves Emissions from other countries will set achievable levels above those produced by natural sources Some natural events, notably dust storms and wildfires, are episodic and cannot be represented by annual average background values or emission estimates Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission reductions correspond with lower sulfate (SO4 2−) concentrations and visibility im-provements in the regions where these have occurred Non-road emissions have been growing more rapidly than emissions from other sources, which have remained

Visibility: Science and Regulation

Field theory is a more or less coherent approach in the social sciences whose essence is the explanation of regularities in individual action by recourse to position vis‐a‐vis others. Position in the field indicates the potential for a force exerted on the person, but a force that impinges “from the inside” as opposed to external compulsion. Motivation is accordingly considered to be the paramount example of social structure in action, as opposed to a residue of chance or freedom. While field theory is often castigated for its necessarily tautological definition, this may be far more of an advantage than a defect. Field theory offers social scientists a combination of analytical insight and attention to the concrete; further, the implicit definition of “explanation” that it brings is one that, unlike conventional sociological definitions, is internally consistent and in accord with everyday usage.

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What Is Field Theory?1

In recent years, structural colors have attracted great attention in a wide variety of research fields. This is because they are originated from complex interaction between light and sophisticated nanostructures generated in the natural world. In addition, their inherent regular structures are one of the most conspicuous examples of non-equilibrium order formation. Structural colors are deeply connected with recent rapidly growing fields of photonics and have been extensively studied to clarify their peculiar optical phenomena. Their mechanisms are, in principle, of a purely physical origin, which differs considerably from the ordinary coloration mechanisms such as in pigments, dyes and metals, where the colors are produced by virtue of the energy consumption of light. It is generally recognized that structural colors are mainly based on several elementary optical processes including thin-layer interference, diffraction grating, light scattering, photonic crystals and so on. However, in nature, these processes are somehow mixed together to produce complex optical phenomena. In many cases, they are combined with the irregularity of the structure to produce the diffusive nature of the reflected light, while in some cases they are accompanied by large-scale structures to generate the macroscopic effect on the coloration. Further, it is well known that structural colors cooperate with pigmentary colors to enhance or to reduce the brilliancy and to produce special effects. Thus, structure-based optical phenomena in nature appear to be quite multi-functional, the variety of which is far beyond our understanding. In this article, we overview these phenomena appearing particularly in the diversity of the animal world, to shed light on this rapidly developing research field.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/71/7/076401/pdf

Physics of structural colors

The first edition of Place and Experience established Jeff Malpas as one of the leading philosophers and thinkers of place and space and provided a creative and refreshing alternative to prevailing post-structuralist and postmodern theories of place. It is a foundational and ground-breaking book in its attempt to lay out a sustained and rigorous account of place and its significance. The main argument of Place and Experience has three strands: first, that human being is inextricably bound to place; second, that place encompasses subjectivity and objectivity, being reducible to neither but foundational to both; and third that place, which is distinct from, but also related to space and time, is methodologically and ontologically fundamental. The development of this argument involves considerations concerning the nature of place and its relation to space and time; the character of that mode of philosophical investigation that is oriented to place and that is referred to as ‘philosophical topography’; the nature of subjectivity and objectivity as inter-related concepts that also connect with intersubjectivity; and the way place is tied to memory, identity, and the self. Malpas draws on a rich array of writers and philosophers, including Wordsworth, Kant, Proust, Heidegger and Donald Davidson. This second edition is revised throughout, including a new chapter on place and technological modernity, especially the seeming loss of place in the contemporary world, and a new Foreword by Edward Casey. It also includes a new set of additional features, such as illustrations, annotated further reading, and a glossary, which make this second edition more useful to teachers and students alike.

Place and Experience: A Philosophical Topography

Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections & colours of light , Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections & colours of light , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections & colours of light

This is a complete edition in eight volumes of all the known mathematical papers of Isaac Newton - edited, annotated and translated by D T Whiteside Papers originally in Latin are provided with accurate English translations which face the original text or in a footnote Some of the manuscript folios are reproduced in facsimile The commentary clarifies the peculiarities of seventeenth-century idiom and illuminates the contemporary significance of the text Notes are printed on the page-openings to which they refer, so far as possible, and give more specific help with points of idiom and mathematical usage, recast Newton's arguments into modern notation, and provide references to secondary works Paraphrases have been added to papers that are excessively abrupt For his work on this edition, Professor Whiteside was awarded both the Alexandre Koyre Medal of the International Academy of the History of Science and the George Sarton Medal of the American History of Science Society

The mathematical papers of Isaac Newton

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and his System of the World

Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections & colours of light : based on the 4th ed. London, 1730

Foreword List of plates Preface A note on the History of Newton's Manuscripts Newton manuscripts in the Cambridge University Library printed in this volume Abbreviations Part I. Mathematics Part II. Mechanics Part III. Theory of Matter Part IV. Manuscripts related to the Principia Part V. Education Part VI. Notes Index.

Newton, Isaac, Sir

Papers

Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections & colours of light

The mathematical papers of Isaac Newton

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and his System of the World

Opticks, or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections & colours of light : based on the 4th ed. London, 1730

Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton: A selection from the Portsmouth Collection in the University Library, Cambridge