世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Cause, conseguenze e strategie di mitigazione Proponiamo il primo di una serie di articoli in cui affronteremo l’attuale problema dei mutamenti climatici. Presentiamo il documento redatto, votato e pubblicato dall’Ipcc - Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - che illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.

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Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.

▶ Addresses a wide range of timely environment, economic and energy topics ▶ A forum to review, analyze and stimulate the development, testing and implementation of mitigation and adaptation strategies at regional, national and global scales ▶ Contributes to real-time policy analysis and development as national and international policies and agreements are discussed and promulgated ▶ 94% of authors who answered a survey reported that they would definitely publish or probably publish in the journal again

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD).

최근, 국제사회의 개발협력 관련 논의가 새천년개발목표(Millennium Development Goals, 이하 MDG)에서 지속가능개발목표(Sustainable Development Goals, 이하 SDG)로 이행하였다 이전의 새천년개발목표(MDG)가 8개 목표와 21개 세부목표로 이루어진 반면, SDG는 17개 목표와 169개의 세부목표로 구성되어

[국제리뷰] 지속가능개발목표(Sustainable Development Goals)와 양성평등 달성을 위한 UN Women 아태지역 사무소의 “SDG 기초선 연구

Uganda is the world’s second largest producer and consumer of banana after India. This has resulted into vast quantities of banana wastes, including the leaves, pseudostem, stalks, rejected and rotten fruits and the fruit peels. This study focuses on the characterization of banana peels to yield banana peels vinegar (BPV), tar and biochar as value added products that can be useful to farmers. Dried banana peels were characterized via proximate, ultimate, lignocellulosic, thermogravimetric (TG), and calorific value analyses. The obtained results showed that the volatile matter and fixed carbon contents were 88.02% and 2.70% while carbon, nitrogen and sulphur were 35.65%, 1.94% and 20.75 ppm respectively. The hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin contents were 41.38%, 9.90% and 8.90% while the higher and lower heating values were 16.15 MJ/kg and 14.80 MJ/kg. The maximum devolatilization rate in the banana peel biomass occurred in the temperatures range of 450–550oC which was taken as the slow pyrolysis regime temperature. The high levels of fixed carbon, volatile matter and ash contents were strong indicators that banana wastes are adequate feedstock for pyrolysis work to yield bio-infrastructure products. Similarly, the lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose fractions had significant correlation between the biomass heating values and the eventual chemical compounds present BPV and biochar. The characterization properties of the banana peels are akin to the leaves and pseudostem and thus are suitable for pyrolysis process.

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Characterization of Banana Peels Wastes as Potential Slow Pyrolysis Feedstock

Reverse engineering of plastic waste into useful fuel products

Rhodotorula kratochvilovae (syn, Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae) SY89, an oleaginous yeast, isolated from Ethiopian soil, was grown under nitrogen-limited media. The capacity this with respect to biomass production, lipid yield and lipid content was evaluated. The influence of inoculum size, carbon sources, variations in glucose concentration, nitrogen sources, C/N ratio, pH, temperature, agitation, and aeration rate and incubation period were investigated. Inoculum size of 10% v/v, glucose as a carbon source at 50 g/L glucose, 0.50 g/L yeast extract and 0.31 g/L (NH4)2SO4, C/N ratio of 120, pH 5.5, incubation temperature of 30 °C, 225 rpm, 0.2 as aeration ratio and 144 h of incubation were found to be optimum conditions for lipid production. Then the yeast was grown in a batch bioreactor by combining the different optimized parameters together. Under the optimized conditions, the yeast gave maximum biomass (15.34 ± 1.47 g/L), lipid yield (8.60 ± 0.81 g/L) and lipid content (56.06 ± 1.70%). The dominant fatty acids exhibited in order of their relative abundance (%w/w), were oleic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, linolenic and palmitoleic acids. The concentration of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids adds up 78.63 ± 2.19%. This suggests that this strain could be used as a good feedstock for biodiesel production.

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Optimization of cultivation conditions for biotechnological production of lipid by Rhodotorula kratochvilovae (syn, Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae ) SY89 for biodiesel preparation

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a versatile model presently used worldwide to evaluate water quality and hydrological concerns under varying land use and environmental conditions. In this study, SWAT was used to simulate streamflow and to estimate sediment yield and nutrients loss from the Murchison Bay catchment as a result of land use changes. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated for streamflow for extended periods. The Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) global sensitivity method within SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Procedures (SWAT-CUP) was used to identify the most sensitive streamflow parameters. The model satisfactorily simulated stream discharge from the catchment. The model performance was determined with different statistical methods. The results showed a satisfactory model streamflow simulation performance. The results of runoff and average upland sediment yield estimated from the catchment showed that, both have increased over the period of study. The increasing rate of runoff can lead to severe and frequent flooding, lower water quality and reduce crop yield in the catchment. Therefore, comprehensive water management steps should be taken to reduce surface runoff in the catchment. This is the first time the SWAT model has been used in the Murchison Bay catchment. The results showed that, if all uncertainties are minimised, a well calibrated SWAT model can generate reasonable hydrologic simulation results in relation to land use, which is useful to water and environmental resources managers and policy and decision makers.

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Application of SWAT to Assess the Effects of Land Use Change in the Murchison Bay Catchment in Uganda

The continuous escalation of crude oil prices coupled with declining food supply as a results of the growing global population and climate change have instigated many countries to look out for alternative means of reducing its fossil fuel dependency. In view of this, the study evaluates the available orange peels in Ghana as potential bio-oil producing feedstock using fast pyrolysis technology in order to supplement the country's overriding fuel demand. The paper therefore reviewed the current advancement in fast pyrolysis bio-oil production and utilization, determined the available orange peel produced from fruit processing industries in Ghana and finally determined the potential yield of fast pyrolysis bio-oil to satisfy the projected fuel demand by 2020 and 2030. From this study, Ghana has the ability to replace just about 0.09% of its diesel and petroleum demand in 2020 and 0.07% in 2030 after processing just 10% of the total oranges produced using 2013 orange production as baseline. However, increasing the area of cultivation of oranges to 1.6 million ha (the area covered by cocoa in Ghana) and considering scenarios where the percentage of oranges processed were increased to 40%, 50% and 60% as observed in Brazil, USA, Mexico and other leading producers showed promising potential. The study observed that increasing the area of cultivation of oranges to the same area occupied by cocoa in 2013 saw a possible replacement of total diesel and petrol demand of 8.73% for processing just 10% increasing to 34.92% for 40% processing, 43.65% for 50% processing and 52.38% for 60% processing by 2020. Similarly, in 2030 the country will be able to replace 6.70% of the total diesel and petrol fuels with bio-oil for processing just 10% of its oranges produced which increases to 26.80% for processing 40%, 33.5% for processing 50% and 40.20% for processing 60% of oranges producing. The country still has the potential to channel some of the produced bio-oil for cooking purposes using improved stoves rather than relying on firewood and petroleum fuels. In order to meet these potentials, the study recommended, that the government creates appropriate platform for private sector collaborations and an improvement in R & D in order to integrate the fast pyrolysis technology on large scale.

Nicholas Kiggundu

Papers

Characterization of Banana Peels Wastes as Potential Slow Pyrolysis Feedstock

Reverse engineering of plastic waste into useful fuel products

Optimization of cultivation conditions for biotechnological production of lipid by Rhodotorula kratochvilovae (syn, Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae ) SY89 for biodiesel preparation

Application of SWAT to Assess the Effects of Land Use Change in the Murchison Bay Catchment in Uganda

Assessment of orange peel waste availability in ghana and potential bio-oil yield using fast pyrolysis