Nicolas Siaud

Bio: Nicolas Siaud is an academic researcher from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The author has contributed to research in topics: DNA repair & Replication protein A. The author has an hindex of 4, co-authored 4 publications receiving 1001 citations.

Suppression of the DNA repair defects of BRCA2-deficient cells with heterologous protein fusions

Abstract: The BRCA2 tumor suppressor plays an important role in the repair of DNA damage by homologous recombination, also termed homology-directed repair (HDR). Human BRCA2 is 3,418 aa and is composed of several domains. The central part of the protein contains multiple copies of a motif that binds the Rad51 recombinase (the BRC repeat), and the C terminus contains domains that have structural similarity to domains in the ssDNA-binding protein replication protein A (RPA). To gain insight into the role of BRCA2 in the repair of DNA damage, we fused a single (BRC3, BRC4) or multiple BRC motifs to the large RPA subunit. Expression of any of these protein fusions in Brca2 mutant cells substantially improved HDR while suppressing mutagenic repair. A fusion containing a Rad52 ssDNA-binding domain also was active in HDR. Mutations that reduced ssDNA or Rad51 binding impaired the ability of the fusion proteins to function in HDR. The high level of spontaneous chromosomal aberrations in Brca2 mutant cells was largely suppressed by the BRC-RPA fusion proteins, supporting the notion that the primary role of BRCA2 in maintaining genomic integrity is in HDR, specifically to deliver Rad51 to ssDNA. The fusion proteins also restored Rad51 focus formation and cellular survival in response to DNA damaging agents. Because as little as 2% of BRCA2 fused to RPA is sufficient to suppress cellular defects found in Brca2-mutant mammalian cells, these results provide insight into the recently discovered diversity of BRCA2 domain structures in different organisms.

Plasticity of BRCA2 function in homologous recombination: genetic interactions of the PALB2 and DNA binding domains.

Abstract: The breast cancer suppressor BRCA2 is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity in mammalian cells through its role in DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR). Human BRCA2 is 3,418 amino acids and is comprised of multiple domains that interact with the RAD51 recombinase and other proteins as well as with DNA. To gain insight into the cellular function of BRCA2 in HR, we created fusions consisting of various BRCA2 domains and also introduced mutations into these domains to disrupt specific protein and DNA interactions. We find that a BRCA2 fusion peptide deleted for the DNA binding domain and active in HR is completely dependent on interaction with the PALB2 tumor suppressor for activity. Conversely, a BRCA2 fusion peptide deleted for the PALB2 binding domain is dependent on an intact DNA binding domain, providing a role for this conserved domain in vivo; mutagenesis suggests that both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA binding activities in the DNA binding domain are required for its activity. Given that PALB2 itself binds DNA, these results suggest alternative mechanisms to deliver RAD51 to DNA. In addition, the BRCA2 C terminus contains both RAD51-dependent and -independent activities which are essential to HR in some contexts. Finally, binding the small peptide DSS1 is essential for activity when its binding domain is present, but not when it is absent. Our results reveal functional redundancy within the BRCA2 protein and emphasize the plasticity of this large protein built for optimal HR function in mammalian cells. The occurrence of disease-causing mutations throughout BRCA2 suggests sub-optimal HR from a variety of domain modulations.

Mechanism of eukaryotic homologous recombination.

Abstract: Homologous recombination (HR) serves to eliminate deleterious lesions, such as double-stranded breaks and interstrand crosslinks, from chromosomes. HR is also critical for the preservation of repli- cation forks, for telomere maintenance, and chromosome segrega- tion in meiosis I. As such, HR is indispensable for the maintenance of genome integrity and the avoidance of cancers in humans. The HR reaction is mediated by a conserved class of enzymes termed recombinases. Two recombinases, Rad51 and Dmc1, catalyze the pairing and shuffling of homologous DNA sequences in eukaryotic cells via a filamentous intermediate on ssDNA called the presynaptic filament. The assembly of the presynaptic filament is a rate-limiting process that is enhanced by recombination mediators, such as the breast tumor suppressor BRCA2. HR accessory factors that facil- itate other stages of the Rad51- and Dmc1-catalyzed homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange reaction have also been identified. Recent progress on elucidating the mechanisms of action of Rad51 and Dmc1 and their cohorts of ancillary factors is reviewed here.

Causes and consequences of replication stress.

Abstract: Replication stress is a complex phenomenon that has serious implications for genome stability, cell survival and human disease. Generation of aberrant replication fork structures containing single-stranded DNA activates the replication stress response, primarily mediated by the kinase ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related). Along with its downstream effectors, ATR stabilizes and helps to restart stalled replication forks, avoiding the generation of DNA damage and genome instability. Understanding this response may be key to diagnosing and treating human diseases caused by defective responses to replication stress.

BRCA1 and BRCA2: different roles in a common pathway of genome protection

Abstract: The proteins encoded by the two major breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, work in a common pathway of genome protection. However, the two proteins work at different stages in the DNA damage response (DDR) and in DNA repair. BRCA1 is a pleiotropic DDR protein that functions in both checkpoint activation and DNA repair, whereas BRCA2 is a mediator of the core mechanism of homologous recombination. The links between the two proteins are not well understood, but they must exist to explain the marked similarity of human cancer susceptibility that arises with germline mutations in these genes. As discussed here, the proteins work in concert to protect the genome from double-strand DNA damage during DNA replication.

Secondary mutations as a mechanism of cisplatin resistance in BRCA2 -mutated cancers

Abstract: Ovarian carcinomas with mutations in the tumour suppressor BRCA2 are particularly sensitive to platinum compounds. However, such carcinomas ultimately develop cisplatin resistance. The mechanism of that resistance is largely unknown. Here we show that acquired resistance to cisplatin can be mediated by secondary intragenic mutations in BRCA2 that restore the wild-type BRCA2 reading frame. First, in a cisplatin-resistant BRCA2-mutated breast-cancer cell line, HCC1428, a secondary genetic change in BRCA2 rescued BRCA2 function. Second, cisplatin selection of a BRCA2-mutated pancreatic cancer cell line, Capan-1 (refs 3, 4), led to five different secondary mutations that restored the wild-type BRCA2 reading frame. All clones with secondary mutations were resistant both to cisplatin and to a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (AG14361). Finally, we evaluated recurrent cancers from patients whose primary BRCA2-mutated ovarian carcinomas were treated with cisplatin. The recurrent tumour that acquired cisplatin resistance had undergone reversion of its BRCA2 mutation. Our results suggest that secondary mutations that restore the wild-type BRCA2 reading frame may be a major clinical mediator of acquired resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy.