Author
Nima Hemmat
Bio: Nima Hemmat is an academic researcher from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The author has contributed to research in topics: Cancer & Immunotherapy. The author has an hindex of 10, co-authored 35 publications receiving 339 citations.
Topics: Cancer, Immunotherapy, Medicine, Tumor microenvironment, Immune system
Papers
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TL;DR: Developing smaller size platforms is one approach toward applying phone apps, as well as utilizing LFA, biosensors, and nanobiosensors detection techniques, for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
Abstract: A novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin (SARS-CoV-2) has recently been recognized in patients with acute respiratory disease. COVID-19 causative agent is structurally and genetically similar to SARS and bat SARS-like coronaviruses. The drastic increase in the number of coronavirus and its genome sequence have given us an unprecedented opportunity to perform bioinformatics and genomics analysis on this class of viruses. Clinical tests like PCR and ELISA for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed for early identification of infected patients. However, these techniques are expensive and not readily available for point-of-care (POC) applications. Currently, lack of any rapid, available, and reliable POC detection method gives rise to the progression of COVID-19 as a horrible global problem. To solve the negative features of clinical investigation, we provide a brief introduction of the general features of coronaviruses and describe various amplification assays, sensing, biosensing, immunosensing, and aptasensing for the determination of various groups of coronaviruses applied as a template for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. All sensing and biosensing techniques developed for the determination of various classes of coronaviruses are useful to recognize the newly immerged coronavirus, i.e., SARS-CoV-2. Also, the introduction of sensing and biosensing methods sheds light on the way of designing a proper screening system to detect the virus at the early stage of infection to tranquilize the speed and vastity of spreading. Among other approaches investigated among molecular approaches and PCR or recognition of viral diseases, LAMP-based methods and LFAs are of great importance for their numerous benefits, which can be helpful to design a universal platform for detection of future emerging pathogenic viruses.
149 citations
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TL;DR: Knowing the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its immunoevasion approaches will improve the understanding of pathogenesis, virus clearance, and contribute toward vaccine and immunotherepeutic design and evaluation.
Abstract: The ongoing outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 infection achieved pandemic status on March 11, 2020. As of September 8, 2020 it has caused over 890,000 mortalities world-wide. Coronaviral infections are enabled by potent immunoevasory mechanisms that target multiple aspects of innate immunity, with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) able to induce a cytokine storm, impair interferon responses, and suppress antigen presentation on both MHC class I and class II. Understanding the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its immunoevasion approaches will improve our understanding of pathogenesis, virus clearance, and contribute toward vaccine and immunotherepeutic design and evaluation. This review discusses the known host innate immune response and immune evasion mechanisms driving SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathophysiology.
111 citations
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TL;DR: Neutrophil activation and neutrophil degranulation are the most activated biological processes in the SARS infection as well as the neutrophilia, basophilia, and lymphopenia predicted by deconvolution analysis of samples, and using Serpins and Arginase inhibitors during SARS-CoV infection may be beneficial for increasing the survival of Sars-positive patients.
Abstract: The latest member of the Coronaviridae family, called SARS-CoV-2, causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease has caused a pandemic and is threatening global health. Similar to SARS-CoV, this new virus can potentially infect lower respiratory tract cells and can go on to cause severe acute respiratory tract syndrome, followed by pneumonia and even death in many nations. The molecular mechanism of the disease has not yet been evaluated until now. We analyzed the GSE1739 microarray dataset including 10 SARS-positive PBMC and four normal PBMC. Co-expression network analysis by WGCNA suggested that highly preserved 833 turquoise module with genes were significantly related to SARS-CoV infection. ELANE, ORM2, RETN, BPI, ARG1, DEFA4, CXCL1, and CAMP were the most important genes involved in this disease according to GEO2R analysis as well. The GO analysis demonstrated that neutrophil activation and neutrophil degranulation are the most activated biological processes in the SARS infection as well as the neutrophilia, basophilia, and lymphopenia predicted by deconvolution analysis of samples. Thus, using Serpins and Arginase inhibitors during SARS-CoV infection may be beneficial for increasing the survival of SARS-positive patients. Regarding the high similarity of SARS-CoV-2 to SARS-CoV, the use of such inhibitors might be beneficial for COVID-19 patients.
69 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarize alterations of cellular signaling pathways that are associated with coronavirus infection, particularly SARS-CoV and MERSCoV, and tabulate the therapeutic agents that are currently approved for treating other human diseases.
Abstract: The number of descriptions of emerging viruses has grown at an unprecedented rate since the beginning of the 21st century. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is the third highly pathogenic coronavirus that has introduced itself into the human population in the current era, after SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Molecular and cellular studies of the pathogenesis of this novel coronavirus are still in the early stages of research; however, based on similarities of SARS-CoV-2 to other coronaviruses, it can be hypothesized that the NF-κB, cytokine regulation, ERK, and TNF-α signaling pathways are the likely causes of inflammation at the onset of COVID-19. Several drugs have been prescribed and used to alleviate the adverse effects of these inflammatory cellular signaling pathways, and these might be beneficial for developing novel therapeutic modalities against COVID-19. In this review, we briefly summarize alterations of cellular signaling pathways that are associated with coronavirus infection, particularly SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and tabulate the therapeutic agents that are currently approved for treating other human diseases.
59 citations
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TL;DR: The exact roles of HPV oncogenes in the occurrence of inflammation in cervical tissue, and the effects of other factors in this event are evaluated are evaluated.
Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) associated cancers, and in particular cervical cancer, are considered to be directly stimulated by HPV oncogenes. Alternatively, these types of cancers could also be indirectly stimulated by HPV-induced chronic inflammations, which in turn are also caused by HPV oncogenes activity. Chronic inflammation is associated with repeated tissue injury and development of mutations in the vital tumor suppressor genes. Thus, it is important to understand that the persistent HPV infection and its associated chronic inflammation is responsible for the progression of HPV-induced cancers. HPV E5, E6 and E7 could upregulate the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin (PG) E2 followed by the activation of the COX-PG pathway. This pathway is assumed to be the main cause of HPV-induced inflammation. Additionally, HPV oncogenes could have an impact on the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in HPV-positive patients. The upregulation of such cytokines accelerates the incidence of inflammation following HPV infection. Other factors such as microRNAs, which are involved in the inflammation pathways and aging, give rise to the increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and could also be responsible for the acceleration of HPV-induced inflammation and consequent cervical cancer. In this review, the exact roles of HPV oncogenes in the occurrence of inflammation in cervical tissue, and the effects of other factors in this event are evaluated.
54 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the mechanisms by which RNA viruses beyond just SARS-CoV-2 have been connected to long-term health consequences, and review literature on acute COVID-19 and other virus-initiated chronic syndromes such as post-Ebola syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).
Abstract: The novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Across the globe, a subset of patients who sustain an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection are developing a wide range of persistent symptoms that do not resolve over the course of many months. These patients are being given the diagnosis Long COVID or Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). It is likely that individual patients with a PASC diagnosis have different underlying biological factors driving their symptoms, none of which are mutually exclusive. This paper details mechanisms by which RNA viruses beyond just SARS-CoV-2 have be connected to long-term health consequences. It also reviews literature on acute COVID-19 and other virus-initiated chronic syndromes such as post-Ebola syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) to discuss different scenarios for PASC symptom development. Potential contributors to PASC symptoms include consequences from acute SARS-CoV-2 injury to one or multiple organs, persistent reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 in certain tissues, re-activation of neurotrophic pathogens such as herpesviruses under conditions of COVID-19 immune dysregulation, SARS-CoV-2 interactions with host microbiome/virome communities, clotting/coagulation issues, dysfunctional brainstem/vagus nerve signaling, ongoing activity of primed immune cells, and autoimmunity due to molecular mimicry between pathogen and host proteins. The individualized nature of PASC symptoms suggests that different therapeutic approaches may be required to best manage care for specific patients with the diagnosis.
336 citations
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Shiraz University of Medical Sciences1, Nanjing Forestry University2, Hakim Sabzevari University3, Shahid Beheshti University4, Kerman Medical University5, Graduate University of Advanced Technology6, King Abdulaziz University7, University of Tarapacá8, Iran University of Science and Technology9, Hangzhou Dianzi University10, North Carolina State University11, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne12
TL;DR: Daunorubicin is a famous anthracycline anticancer chemotherapy drug with many side effects that is very important to measure in biological samples and its electrochemical biosensor was developed to measure these side effects.
Abstract: Daunorubicin is a famous anthracycline anticancer chemotherapy drug with many side effects that is very important to measure in biological samples. A daunorubicin electrochemical biosensor was fabr...
312 citations
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China1, University of Johannesburg2, Nanjing Forestry University3, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences4, Hakim Sabzevari University5, University of Tabriz6, Kerman Medical University7, Graduate University of Advanced Technology8, King Abdulaziz University9, University of Tarapacá10, Hangzhou Dianzi University11, University of Coimbra12, University of Kashan13, American University of Sharjah14
TL;DR: In this paper, the application of potentiometric-based biosensors and classifications of them into four major categories: photoelectrochemical, molecular imprinted polymer, wearable and light-addressable.
301 citations