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The Critique Of Pure Reason

What type of probability theory best describes the way humans make judgments under uncertainty and decisions under conflict? Although rational models of cognition have become prominent and have achieved much success, they adhere to the laws of classical probability theory despite the fact that human reasoning does not always conform to these laws. For this reason we have seen the recent emergence of models based on an alternative probabilistic framework drawn from quantum theory. These quantum models show promise in addressing cognitive phenomena that have proven recalcitrant to modeling by means of classical probability theory. This review compares and contrasts probabilistic models based on Bayesian or classical versus quantum principles, and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.

Quantum cognition: A new theoretical approach to psychology

The formation and shedding of vortices in two vortex-dominated flows around an actuated flat plate are studied to develop a better method of identifying and tracking coherent structures in unsteady flows. The work automatically processes data from the 2D simulation of a flat plate undergoing a $$45^{\circ }$$
 pitch-up maneuver, and from experimental particle image velocimetry data in the wake of a continuously pitching trapezoidal panel. The Eulerian $$\varGamma _1$$
 , $$\varGamma _2$$
 , and Q functions, as well as the Lagrangian finite-time Lyapunov exponent are applied to identify both the centers and boundaries of the vortices. The multiple vortices forming and shedding from the plates are visualized well by these techniques. Tracking of identifiable features, such as the Lagrangian saddle points, is shown to have potential to identify the timing and location of vortex formation, shedding, and destruction more precisely than by only studying the vortex cores as identified by the Eulerian techniques.

/pdf/detection-and-tracking-of-vortex-phenomena-using-lagrangian-4vr0h4m2gn.pdf

Detection and tracking of vortex phenomena using Lagrangian coherent structures

Miniature insects fly at very low Reynolds number (Re); low Re means large viscous effect. If flapping as larger insects, sufficient vertical force cannot be produced. We measure the wing kinematics for miniature-insect species of different sizes and compute the aerodynamic forces. The planar upstroke commonly used by larger insects changes to a U-shaped upstroke, which becomes deeper as size or Re decreases. For relatively large miniature insects, the U-shaped upstroke produces a larger vertical force than a planar upstroke by having a larger wing velocity and, for very small ones, the deep U-shaped upstroke produces a large transient drag directed upwards, providing the required vertical force.

Flapping-mode changes and aerodynamic mechanisms in miniature insects

The effect of air viscosity on the flow around an insect wing increases as insect size decreases. For the smallest insects (wing length of that by the real wing kinematics; i.e. they must use the special wing movements to overcome the problem of large viscous effects encountered by the commonly used flapping kinematics. We have observed for the first time very small insects using drag to support their weight and we explain how a net vertical force is generated when the drag principle is applied.

Very small insects use novel wing flapping and drag principle to generate the weight-supporting vertical force

A translating discontinuous-grid-block model for moving boundaries of finite thickness based on multi-relaxation time version of lattice Boltzmann method has been developed. The implementation of this model to simulate moving boundary flows has been demonstrated for the cases of a cylinder in simple shear flow, a single rigid wing executing ‘clap and fling’ motion, and the propulsion of a plunging flat plate. A number of interpolation schemes of linear, quadratic and cubic natures are assessed around the discontinuous grid interface. It is shown that the implementation of a body-fitted refined mesh that moves along with the object reduces the spurious oscillations registered in the force and velocity measurements compared to a single coarse grid block. Moreover, use of multiple relaxation times helps overcome stability issues at high Reynolds number, normally encountered in the single-relaxation time model. Significantly, in the former model the same base grid could handle flows with good accuracy for 10 ≤ Re ≤ 1000. The proposed technique offers significant advantage in terms of capturing flow around moving solids at lower computational cost and simulation time as compared to the stationary discontinuous-grid-block method.

A shifting discontinuous-grid-block lattice Boltzmann method for moving boundary simulations

The enterprise of developing a common model of the mind aims to create a foundational architecture for rational behavior in humans. Philosopher Immanuel Kant attempted something similar in 1781. The principles laid out by Kant for pursuing this goal can shed important light on the common model project. Unfortunately, Kant’s program has become hopelessly mired in philosophical hair-splitting. In this paper, we first use Kant’s approach to isolate the founding conditions of rationality in humans. His philosophy lends support to Newell’s knowledge level hypothesis, and together with it directs the common model enterprise to take knowledge, and not just memory, seriously as a component of the common model of the mind. We then map Kant’s cognitive mechanics to the operations which are used in the current models of cognitive architecture. Finally, we argue that this mapping can pave the way to develop the ontology of the knowledge level for general intelligence. We further show how they can be actualized in a memory system using high dimensional vectors to achieve specific cognitive abilities.

https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/cmcb/article/download/2699/2341

Why the Common Model of the mind needs holographic a-priori categories

The aim of the present study is to understand the mechanism of propulsion in biological flyers, initially starting from rest, towards development of micro-air vehicles employing the same concept using a computational analysis of the plunging motion of a rigid wing. A twodimensional numerical model has been developed to probe the fluid mechanics associated with the vertical plunging motion of a flat plate analogous to the biological flight of birds and insects. Recent experiments have shown that propulsion can be achieved in still air by a rigid wing if it is flapped above a critical Reynolds number (based on the flapping frequency). The influence of parameters such as density ratio ρ* and flapping Reynolds number Ref on the propulsion of a vertically heaving wing unconstrained to move in horizontal direction has been investigated. Flow fields generated at different time instants indicate that the interaction with the previous shed vortices creates asymmetry that pushes the wing into locomotion. The vortical wake patterns are scrutinized at steady translation which varied depending upon the Strouhal number. In addition, the behavior of input/output power and efficiency has been quantified.

Forward propulsion of a rigid plunging airfoil

In the past two decades, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has offered itself as an alternative framework compared to the Navier Stokes simulations. However, the applicability of this method to simulate moving boundary problems has not received sufficient attention. The present study primarily focuses on developing and employing the halfway bounceback LBM to analyse the flow dynamics associated with the flapping motion of finite-thickness wings. A two-dimensional numerical model for one and two-winged ‘clap and fling’ stroke has been developed to study the aerodynamic performance of insect flight. The influence of kinematic parameters such as the percentage overlap between translational and rotational phase , the separation between two wings and different Reynolds numbers Re on lift generation has been studied and presented here. In addition, the time-dependent behaviour of the leading and trailing edge vortices and their role on lift generation in clap and fling type kinematics has been identified. Based on simulation data, regression analysis was carried out to express the mean lift coefficient as a function of the varied parameters. Results show that overlap ratio is the most influential parameter in enhancing lift. With increase in separation , the reduction in drag is far more dominant than the decrease in lift. With an increase in Re (which ranges between 8 and 128), the mean drag coefficient decreases monotonously, whereas the mean lift coefficient decreases to a minimum and increases thereafter. This behaviour of lift generation at higher Re was characterised by the ‘wing-wake interaction’ mechanism which was absent at low Re.

A Lattice Boltzmann Framework for Analysis of 'Clap and Fling' Motion of Finite Thickness Membranes

The aim of the present study is to understand the mechanism of propulsion in biological flyers, initially starting from rest, using a computational analysis of the plunging motion of a flexible wing. Simulations are performed on a self-propelled flexible wing unconstrained to move in direction perpendicular to the heaving motion. A two-dimensional lumped torsional flexibility model has been developed for a multi-component system which mimics a real insect wing. Using the lattice-Boltzmann method, this model is used to investigate the role of chordwise flexibility on fluid mechanics associated with forward propulsion. The aerodynamics and vortical wake patterns at different frequencies are investigated for a range of Reynolds number and bending stiffnesses. In addition, the behavior of input power and efficiency with stiffness has been examined. This work is anticipated to pave the way towards an improved understanding of propulsion in biological flyers employing flexible wings and thereby contribute to development of micro-air vehicles employing the same concept.

Nipun Arora

Papers

A shifting discontinuous-grid-block lattice Boltzmann method for moving boundary simulations

Why the Common Model of the mind needs holographic a-priori categories

Forward propulsion of a rigid plunging airfoil

A Lattice Boltzmann Framework for Analysis of 'Clap and Fling' Motion of Finite Thickness Membranes

Propulsion of a Plunging Flexible Airfoil using a Torsion Spring Model