Emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) require latency-aware computation for real-time application processing. In IoT environments, connected things generate a huge amount of data, which are generally referred to as big data. Data generated from IoT devices are generally processed in a cloud infrastructure because of the on-demand services and scalability features of the cloud computing paradigm. However, processing IoT application requests on the cloud exclusively is not an efficient solution for some IoT applications, especially time-sensitive ones. To address this issue, Fog computing, which resides in between cloud and IoT devices, was proposed. In general, in the Fog computing environment, IoT devices are connected to Fog devices. These Fog devices are located in close proximity to users and are responsible for intermediate computation and storage. One of the key challenges in running IoT applications in a Fog computing environment are resource allocation and task scheduling. Fog computing research is still in its infancy, and taxonomy-based investigation into the requirements of Fog infrastructure, platform, and applications mapped to current research is still required. This survey will help the industry and research community synthesize and identify the requirements for Fog computing. This paper starts with an overview of Fog computing in which the definition of Fog computing, research trends, and the technical differences between Fog and cloud are reviewed. Then, we investigate numerous proposed Fog computing architectures and describe the components of these architectures in detail. From this, the role of each component will be defined, which will help in the deployment of Fog computing. Next, a taxonomy of Fog computing is proposed by considering the requirements of the Fog computing paradigm. We also discuss existing research works and gaps in resource allocation and scheduling, fault tolerance, simulation tools, and Fog-based microservices. Finally, by addressing the limitations of current research works, we present some open issues, which will determine the future research direction for the Fog computing paradigm.

Fog Computing: Survey of Trends, Architectures, Requirements, and Research Directions

A survey of fault tolerance architecture in cloud computing

A survey of fault tolerance in cloud computing

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art work on fault tolerance methods proposed for cloud computing. The survey classifies fault-tolerance methods into three categories: 1) ReActive Methods (RAMs); 2) PRoactive Methods (PRMs); and 3) ReSilient Methods (RSMs). RAMs allow the system to enter into a fault status and then try to recover the system. PRMs tend to prevent the system from entering a fault status by implementing mechanisms that enable them to avoid errors before they affect the system. On the other hand, recently emerging RSMs aim to minimize the amount of time it takes for a system to recover from a fault. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence have played an active role in RSM domain in such a way that the recovery time is mapped to a function to be optimized (i.e., by converging the recovery time to a fraction of milliseconds). As the system learns to deal with new faults, the recovery time will become shorter. In addition, current issues and challenges in cloud fault tolerance are also discussed to identify promising areas for future research.

Toward a Smart Cloud: A Review of Fault-Tolerance Methods in Cloud Systems

Fault tolerance in cloud computing environment: A systematic survey

With the immense growth of internet and its users, Cloud computing, with its incredible possibilities in ease, Quality of service and on-interest administrations, has turned into a guaranteeing figuring stage for both business and nonbusiness computation customers. It is an adoptable technology as it provides integration of software and resources which are dynamically scalable. The dynamic environment of cloud results in various unexpected faults and failures. The ability of a system to react gracefully to an unexpected equipment or programming malfunction is known as fault tolerance. In order to achieve robustness and dependability in cloud computing, failure should be assessed and handled effectively. Various fault detection methods and architectural models have been proposed to increase fault tolerance ability of cloud. The objective of this paper is to propose an algorithm using Artificial Neural Network for fault detection which will overcome the gaps of previously implemented algorithms and provide a fault tolerant model.

https://research.ijcaonline.org/volume116/number18/pxc3902768.pdf

Review on Fault Tolerance Techniques in Cloud Computing

The demand of medicinal plants is increasing in pharmaceutical industries due to the presence of differentsecondary metabolites. Due to this reason, different plant species are likely to become endangered or extinctdue to their medicinal importance. Sida cordifolia (Malvaceae) is one of them. It is a very valuable medicinalherb mentioned in Indian Ayurveda and other medicinal systems throughout the world. It iscommonlyknown as Bala. It is used to treat asthma, chronic dysentery, asthma, gonorrhea and as a fatburningsupplement. The entire plant is rich in secondary metabolites. It constitutes important bioactivecompoundssuch as ephedrine, vasicinone, vasicinol, palmitic, stearic acid. Tissue culturetechnique will provide anefficient method for propagation and conservation of this medicinal plant. For direct shoot regenerationfrom nodal explants under in vitro conditions, BAP performed better than Kn. Shoot regeneration wasfound maximum at 2.0 mg/l BAP. The plantlets were also tested for their salinity tolerance. Root, shootlength and biomass was not affected by low levels of salinity stress. However, high levels of salinity stress(200mM) reduced the shoot, root length and biomass drastically. For root induction, half-strength MS medium with 2.0 mg/l IBA and 3% (w/v) sucrose was found to be the best. Regenerated plants were found to bemorphologically similar to the mother plants. This protocol could be helpful for mass cultivation andgermplasm conservation of S. cordifolia.

Nisha Sethi

Papers

Review on Fault Tolerance Techniques in Cloud Computing

In vitro propagation of medicinal plant Sida cordifolia under different growth regulators and salt stress