Excessive hepatic glucose output is an important factor in the fasting hyperglycemia of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). To determine the relative contributions of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in a quantitative manner, we applied a new isotopic approach, using infusions of [6-3H]glucose and [2-14C]acetate to trace overall hepatic glucose output and phosphoenolpyruvate gluconeogenesis in 14 postabsorptive NIDDM subjects and in 9 nondiabetic volunteers of similar age and weight. Overall hepatic glucose output was increased nearly twofold in the NIDDM subjects (22.7 +/- 1.0 vs. 12.0 +/- 0.6 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in the nondiabetic volunteers, P less than .001); phosphoenolpyruvate gluconeogenesis was increased more than threefold in the NIDDM subjects (12.7 +/- 1.4 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.4 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in the nondiabetic subjects, P less than .001) and was accompanied by increased plasma lactate, alanine, and glucagon concentrations (all P less than .05). The increased phosphoenolpyruvate gluconeogenesis accounted for 89 +/- 6% of the increase in overall hepatic glucose output in the NIDDM subjects and was significantly correlated with the fasting plasma glucose concentrations (r = .67, P less than .01). Glycogenolysis, calculated as the difference between overall hepatic glucose output and phosphoenolpyruvate gluconeogenesis, was not significantly different in the NIDDM subjects (9.9 +/- 0.06 mumol.kg-1.min-1) and the nondiabetic volunteers (8.4 +/- 0.3 mumol.kg-1.min-1). We conclude that increased gluconeogenesis is the predominant mechanism responsible for increased hepatic glucose output in NIDDM.

Predominant Role of Gluconeogenesis in Increased Hepatic Glucose Production in NIDDM

Sucrose synthesis from acetate in the germinating castor bean: kinetics and pathway.

Liquid scintillation technique for measuring carbon-14 dioxide activity

The conversion of fructose-1-C14 and sorbitol-1-C14 to liver and muscle glycogen in the rat.

Good predictions of plant litter carbon and nitrogen turnover in soil depends heavily on a reliable quantification of litter quality. In this work, eight common agricultural crop residues were described by their intrinsic chemical properties and incubated in a sandy soil (15°C and −10 kPa water potential). Measured C mineralization varied greatly between the plant materials and was well predicted by a simulation model in which litter C is subdivided into three pools according to the results of stepwise chemical digestion (Van Soest analysis). Nevertheless, there was a significant lack of fit for some of the materials. This was caused by differences in the specific decay rates of holocellulose-like substances (kSPM) as subsequently estimated for each plant material by fitting the model to data on remaining holocellulose. Even though the model takes account of microbial N deficiency, the optimized kSPM values were significantly correlated with initial N (r2=0.93) but not with lignin concentration. To test the predictive value in our model of indices and quantities thought to be related to litter degradability, we investigated whether they were correlated with the kinetically defined pool of readily decomposable plant constituents as estimated by fitting the model to measured C mineralization rates. Neutral detergent-soluble C (Van Soest analysis) was best correlated with the estimated pool (r2=0.78) followed by water-soluble C (r2=0.69) and C digestible in vitro in rumen fluid (r2=0.66). Measured C to N ratio in holocellulose-like substances was highly correlated with the overall C to N ratio of the plant materials (r2=0.96). In the model, we describe the degradability of litter N on the basis of the measured C to N ratios of the litter pools. The simulated microbial N requirement is governed by a successive replacement of rapidly growing organisms with a low C to N ratio by more slowly growing organisms with a slightly higher C to N ratio, reflecting the commonly observed increase along the decay continuum in the fungal contribution to microbial activity. This model feature was supported by a measured tendency to an increasing biomass C to N ratio. The model gave unbiased simulations of N mineralization and microbial biomass N. This indicates that the descriptions of litter N availability and microbial N requirement in the model were reasonable. However, significant discrepancies between simulated and measured values occurred for some of the plant materials during the first few days of decomposition, emphasizing the need for more accurate knowledge for this very dynamic phase. Our results suggest that an a priori characterization of litter degradability is possible in our model by the use of stepwise chemical digestion for subdivision of litter C and N combined with measurements of initial N to set the decay rate constant of holocellulose-like materials.

Nome. Baker

Papers

Improved Method for Combustion of Organic Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Simple Wet-Combustion Method Suitable for Routine Carbon-14 Analyses

Analytical procedures using a combined combustion-diffusion vessel. simple wet-combustion method suitable for routine carbon-14 analyses