Electrochemical capacitors, also called supercapacitors, store energy using either ion adsorption (electrochemical double layer capacitors) or fast surface redox reactions (pseudo-capacitors). They can complement or replace batteries in electrical energy storage and harvesting applications, when high power delivery or uptake is needed. A notable improvement in performance has been achieved through recent advances in understanding charge storage mechanisms and the development of advanced nanostructured materials. The discovery that ion desolvation occurs in pores smaller than the solvated ions has led to higher capacitance for electrochemical double layer capacitors using carbon electrodes with subnanometre pores, and opened the door to designing high-energy density devices using a variety of electrolytes. Combination of pseudo-capacitive nanomaterials, including oxides, nitrides and polymers, with the latest generation of nanostructured lithium electrodes has brought the energy density of electrochemical capacitors closer to that of batteries. The use of carbon nanotubes has further advanced micro-electrochemical capacitors, enabling flexible and adaptable devices to be made. Mathematical modelling and simulation will be the key to success in designing tomorrow's high-energy and high-power devices.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02417326/document

Materials for electrochemical capacitors

In this critical review, metal oxides-based materials for electrochemical supercapacitor (ES) electrodes are reviewed in detail together with a brief review of carbon materials and conducting polymers. Their advantages, disadvantages, and performance in ES electrodes are discussed through extensive analysis of the literature, and new trends in material development are also reviewed. Two important future research directions are indicated and summarized, based on results published in the literature: the development of composite and nanostructured ES materials to overcome the major challenge posed by the low energy density of ES (476 references).

/pdf/a-review-of-electrode-materials-for-electrochemical-2cok5em0bo.pdf

A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors

Size- and support-dependency in the catalysis of gold

5.1. Detection Formats 475 5.2. Food Quality and Safety Analysis 477 5.2.1. Pathogens 477 5.2.2. Toxins 479 5.2.3. Veterinary Drugs 479 5.2.4. Vitamins 480 5.2.5. Hormones 480 5.2.6. Diagnostic Antibodies 480 5.2.7. Allergens 481 5.2.8. Proteins 481 5.2.9. Chemical Contaminants 481 5.3. Medical Diagnostics 481 5.3.1. Cancer Markers 481 5.3.2. Antibodies against Viral Pathogens 482 5.3.3. Drugs and Drug-Induced Antibodies 483 5.3.4. Hormones 483 5.3.5. Allergy Markers 483 5.3.6. Heart Attack Markers 484 5.3.7. Other Molecular Biomarkers 484 5.4. Environmental Monitoring 484 5.4.1. Pesticides 484 5.4.2. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 485 5.4.3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons 485 5.4.4. Heavy Metals 485 5.4.5. Phenols 485 5.4.6. Polychlorinated Biphenyls 487 5.4.7. Dioxins 487 5.5. Summary 488 6. Conclusions 489 7. Abbreviations 489 8. Acknowledgment 489 9. References 489

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Detection of Chemical and Biological Species

Energy production and storage have become key issues concerning our welfare in daily life. Present challenges for batteries are twofold. In the first place, the increasing demand for powering systems of portable electronic devices and zero-emission vehicles stimulates research towards high energy and high voltage systems. In the second place, low cost batteries are required in order to advance towards smart electric grids that integrate discontinuous energy flow from renewable sources, optimizing the performance of clean energy sources. Na-ion batteries can be the key for the second point, because of the huge availability of sodium, its low price and the similarity of both Li and Na insertion chemistries. In spite of the lower energy density and voltage of Na-ion based technologies, they can be focused on applications where the weight and footprint requirement is less drastic, such as electrical grid storage. Much work has to be done in the field of Na-ion in order to catch up with Li-ion technology. Cathodic and anodic materials must be optimized, and new electrolytes will be the key point for Na-ion success. This review will gather the up-to-date knowledge about Na-ion battery materials, with the aim of providing a wide view of the systems that have already been explored and a starting point for the new research on this battery technology.

Na-ion batteries, recent advances and present challenges to become low cost energy storage systems

Potentiostatically deposited nanostructured α-Co(OH)2: A high performance electrode material for redox-capacitors

Potentiostatically deposited nanostructured CoxNi1−x layered double hydroxides as electrode materials for redox-supercapacitors

The electronic interaction of SnO2 with Ag and Pd particles dispersed on its surface was examined by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The binding energies (BE) of Sn3d and O1s of Ag(1.5 wt%)-SnO2 and Pd(3.0 wt%)-SnO2, which were lower by 0.5–0.7 eV than those of pure SnO2 in the as-prepared state, shifted reversibly by reduction and oxidation treatments. These shifts in BE are shown to reflect the shifts of Fermi energy of SnO2 which are interacting electronically with the metal additives. The electronic interaction depended on the metal loading, being strongest at 1.5 wt% and 3.0 wt% loadings of Ag and Pb, respectively. The implication is that the electronic interaction is of primary importance to the inflammable gas detection by Ag-SnO2 sensors.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.27.1798/pdf

Norio Miura

Papers

Potentiostatically deposited nanostructured α-Co(OH)2: A high performance electrode material for redox-capacitors

Potentiostatically deposited nanostructured CoxNi1−x layered double hydroxides as electrode materials for redox-supercapacitors

Electronic Interaction between Metal Additives and Tin Dioxide in Tin Dioxide-Based Gas Sensors

Electronic Interaction between Metal Additives and Tin Dioxide in Tin Dioxide-Based Gas Sensors : Surfaces, Interfaces and Films

Electrochemically synthesized MnO2-based mixed oxides for high performance redox supercapacitors