Noureen Akhtar

Bio: Noureen Akhtar is an academic researcher from University of Sargodha. The author has contributed to research in topics: Control chart & Chart. The author has an hindex of 7, co-authored 19 publications receiving 141 citations. Previous affiliations of Noureen Akhtar include Government College University, Faisalabad.

Enhanced nonparametric control charts under simple and ranked set sampling schemes

Abstract: Investigation and removal of unnatural variation in the processes of manufacturing, production and services require application of statistical process control Control charts are the most famous an

Natural Radioactivity Levels and Estimation of Radiation Exposure in Environmental Soil Samples from Tulkarem Province-Palestine

Abstract: The activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides namely 238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs are measured for soil samples collected from different locations of Tulkarem district in West Back-Palestine. High-resolution gamma spectrometry (HPGe detector) was used to determine the activity concentration of these radionuclides in 72 surface soil samples taken from areas in and surrounding Tulkarem city. The concentration of 238U varied in the range 9.7 - 83.5 Bq kg–1 with an average value of 34.5 Bq kg–1, 232Th in the range 5.3 - 44.8 Bq kg–1 with an average value of 23.8 Bq kg–1, 40K in the range 10.2 - 404.0 Bq kg–1 with an average value of 120.0 Bq kg–1 and 137Cs in the range 1.0 - 24.5 Bq kg–1 with an average value of 7.8 Bq kg–1. The results have been compared with those of different countries of the world and Palestine. To assess the radiological hazard of the natural radioactivity, the absorbed dose rate (Dr), the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the effective dose rate (Eeff), the annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR), the radioactivity level index (Iγ), and the external (Hex) and internal (Hin) hazard indices were calculated .It can be concluded that no risk may threat the residents around and center of Tulkarem city except some areas which activity due to fallout 137Cs were high concentration levels. Hence the probability of occurrence of any of the health effects of radiation is low. Hence, measurements have been taken as representing baseline values of these radionuclides in the soil in studying area.

Natural environmental radioactivity and estimation of radiation exposure from saline soils

Abstract: The study was conducted for the investigation of amount of radioactivity in the barren and cultivated soil of Bio saline Research Station in Pakka Anna, established by Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB) in 1990, 34 km. away from the city of Faisalabad, in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The studies were done on an area of about 100 hectares of two types of virgin and fertilized saline soils. The technique of gamma ray spectrometry was applied using HPGe (high purity germanium) gamma ray detector and a PC based MCA. Activity concentration levels due to 40 K, 137 Cs, 226 Ra and 232 Th were measured in 250 saline soil samples collected at a spacing of about 4 hectares at the depth level of 0–25 cm. with a step of 5 cm. depth. Activity concentrations ranges of the concerned radionuclides for both of the soils were as follows: 40 K, for virgin and cultivated saline soil was 500−610.2 and Bq/kg 560.2−635.6 respectively; 137 Cs, 3.57−3.63 and 1.98−5.15 Bq/kg 238 U, 26.3−31.6 and 30.3−38.7 Bq/kg, and 232 Th, 50.6−55.3 and 50.6−64.0 Bq/kg respectively. The absorbed dose rate in air lies in the region 63-73 nGyh -1 and 68-83 nGyh -1 for virgin and fertilized soils respectively. This indicates that this region lies in the area of higher radiation background, while comparing with the worlds’ average. The slightly higher value of dose in the fertilized farm may be due to the use of fertilizers for cultivation. Before the radiometric measurements, chemical analysis for concentration of Na, Ca and Mg was also carried out along with the measurement of electrical conductivity and pH of the soil samples.

Linear profile monitoring using EWMA structure under ranked set schemes

Abstract: In many manufacturing processes, study variable is not the only quality characteristic, but there may exist some explanatory variable(s) that are associated with the study variable. This association may be linear or nonlinear depending on the nature of variables. The term profiling is used for such relationships among study and explanatory variables. Linear profiles are more common options because of their simplicity and coverage of more common scenarios. A popular proposal for the monitoring of linear profiles is EWMA − 3[SRS] chart that detect shifts in the profile parameters including slope, intercept, and error variance. The said chart is designed under simple random sampling. In this study, we have designed and investigated EWMA − 3[τ] chart under the different ranked set sampling strategies (τ) such as ranked set sampling (RSS), median ranked set sampling (MRSS), extreme ranked set sampling (ERSS), double ranked set sampling (DRSS), double median ranked set sampling (DMRSS), and double extreme ranked set sampling (DERSS). We have used average run length (ARL), extra quadratic loss (EQL), relative average run length (RARL), and performance comparison index (PCI) as performance measures for the aforementioned designs of EWMA − 3[τ] chart under different sampling schemes. The computational results of run length properties revealed that the ranked set based EWMA − 3[τ] chart offers better detection ability. More specifically, EWMA − 3[ERSS] and EWMA − 3[DMRSS] serve the purpose in a more efficient way.