One of the most common approaches for control of skin pigmentation involves the inhibition of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the key steps of melanogenesis. This review focuses on the tyrosinase inhibition properties of a series of natural and synthetic, bioinspired phenolic compounds that have appeared in the literature in the last five years. Both mushroom and human tyrosinase inhibitors have been considered. Among the first class, flavonoids, in particular chalcones, occupy a prominent role as natural inhibitors, followed by hydroxystilbenes (mainly resveratrol derivatives). A series of more complex phenolic compounds from a variety of sources, first of all belonging to the Moraceae family, have also been described as potent tyrosinase inhibitors. As to the synthetic compounds, hydroxycinnamic acids and chalcones again appear as the most exploited scaffolds. Several inhibition mechanisms have been reported for the described inhibitors, pointing to copper chelating and/or hydrophobic moieties as key structural requirements to achieve good inhibition properties. Emerging trends in the search for novel skin depigmenting agents, including the development of assays that could distinguish between inhibitors and potentially toxic substrates of the enzyme as well as of formulations aimed at improving the bioavailability and hence the effectiveness of well-known inhibitors, have also been addressed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/6/4/57/pdf

Natural and Bioinspired Phenolic Compounds as Tyrosinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Skin Hyperpigmentation: Recent Advances

Skeletal muscle operates as a near-constant volume system; as such muscle shortening during contraction is transversely linked to radial deformation. Therefore, to assess contractile properties of skeletal muscle, radial displacement can be evoked and measured. Mechanomyography measures muscle radial displacement and during the last 20 years, tensiomyography has become the most commonly used and widely reported technique among the various methodologies of mechanomyography. Tensiomyography has been demonstrated to reliably measure peak radial displacement during evoked muscle twitch, as well as muscle twitch speed. A number of parameters can be extracted from the tensiomyography displacement/time curve and the most commonly used and reliable appear to be peak radial displacement and contraction time. The latter has been described as a valid non-invasive means of characterising skeletal muscle, based on fibre-type composition. Over recent years, applications of tensiomyography measurement within sport and exercise have appeared, with applications relating to injury, recovery and performance. Within the present review, we evaluate the perceived strengths and weaknesses of tensiomyography with regard to its efficacy within applied sports medicine settings. We also highlight future tensiomyography areas that require further investigation. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to critically examine the existing evidence surrounding tensiomyography as a tool within the field of sports medicine.

/pdf/assessment-of-skeletal-muscle-contractile-properties-by-2iqchxwlk2.pdf

Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties by Radial Displacement: The Case for Tensiomyography

Aging is a natural process in humans as accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals which leads to the activation of hyaluronidase, collagenase and elastase, that can further contribute to cellular and tissue damage. Bioactive compounds from plants have been used as antioxidant that might inhibit aging processes as well. This study aimed to determine antioxidant and anti aging properties of Oryza sativa Extract (OSE), and its compounds, vanillin and coumaric acid. The phytochemical analysis of OSE was performed with Farnsworth modified method. Antioxidant activities were performed by measurement of 2,2-diphenyl 1-pichylhydazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) reducing activity, while anti aging assay were observed through inhibitory of elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase activities. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of terpenoids and saponins in high level. OSE showed lowest DPPH activity (IC 50 = 314.51 μg/mL) compared to vanillin (IC 50 = 283 μg/mL) and coumaric acid (IC 50 = 255.69 μg/mL). In ABTS assay, OSE resulted lowest activity(IC 50 = 145.67 μg/mL), compared to vanillin (IC 50 = 4.96 μg/mL) and coumaric acid (IC 50 = 1.67 μg/mL). OSE also showed the lowest FRAP-reducing activity (21.26 μM Fe(II)/μg), compared to vanillin (35.05 μM Fe(II)/μg) and coumaric acid (48.52μM Fe(II)/μg). OSE showed the lowest collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibitory activity (IC 50 = 816.78,107.51, and 203.13 μg/mL), compared to vanillin (IC 50 = 16.27, 14.46, 45.23 μg/mL respectively) and coumaric acid (IC 50 = 146.89, 25.38, 8.21 μg/mL respectively). In summary, OSE possess the lowest antioxidant and anti aging activities compared to vanillin and coumaric acid.

http://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/jnr/article/download/7220/7336

Antioxidant and Anti Aging Assays of Oryza Sativa Extracts, Vanillin and Coumaric Acid

Spices have broadly been used as food flavoring and folk medicine since ancient times. Numerous phytochemicals have been identified in spices, namely thymol (ajowan and thyme), anethole (aniseed), piperine (black pepper), capsaicin (capsicum), cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon), eugenol (clove), linalool (coriander), sabinene (curry leaf), limonene (dill seed), estragole (fennel seed), allicin (garlic), gingerol (ginger), safranal (saffron), and curcumin (turmeric), among others. The antioxidants in spices are very effective and also render anti-mutagenic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Apart from their antioxidant efficacy, spices, particularly their essential oils possess strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and microbial toxins synthesis. In this contribution, a summary of the most relevant and recent findings on phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of spices has been compiled and discussed. The content of phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids in different spices are summarized. In addition, the beneficial effects of spices in food preservation and in health promotion and disease risk reduction are briefly described.

/pdf/bioactives-in-spices-and-spice-oleoresins-phytochemicals-and-3o57t7qec9.pdf

Bioactives in spices, and spice oleoresins: Phytochemicals and their beneficial effects in food preservation and health promotion

In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant, anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, anti-hyaluronidase activities of safranal and determination of its sun protection factor in skin photoaging.

Conditioned medium from normoxia (WJMSCs-norCM) and hypoxia-treated WJMSCs (WJMSCs-hypoCM) in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation

Objective : This research was done  to measure the antioxidants and hypoglycemic activities of Nephelium lappaceum L. seed (NLS) extract and fractions. Methods: The ethanol extract of rambutan seeds were prepared by maseration method and the fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, buthanol and water) by separation of extract based on the polarity. The antioxidant activity was determined by using  superoxide dismutase value (SOD), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The hypoglycemic activity was determined by using inhibition of α-glucosidase test. The DPPH scavenging and hypoglycemic activities were analized by median of Inhibitory Concentration (IC-50). Results: The highest SOD activity showed that ethyl acetate and aqueous fraction of NLS were 3.3771 µg/ml and 3.0374 µg/ml. Meanwhile DPPH assay showed that both NLS extract and fractions had low DPPH scavenging activity. Hypoglycemic activity showed that extract of NLS had highest activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor. Conclusion: Nephelium lappaceum L. seed extract and fractions have high SOD antioxidant value but low DPPH scavenging activity and can be used as potential hypoglycemic agent. Key Words: antidiabetic; antioxidants; α-glucosidase; hypoglycemic; scavenging

/pdf/antioxidant-and-hypoglycemic-activities-of-extract-and-31hg8bsclk.pdf

Antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of extract and fractions of Rambutan seeds (Nephelium lappaceum L.)

Inflammation plays an important role in host defense against external stimuli such as infection by
pathogen, endotoxin or chemical exposure by the production of the inflammatory mediators that produced by
macrophage. Anti-inflammatory factor is important to treat the dangers of chronic inflammation associated with
chronic disease. This research aims to analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of Garcinia mangostana L. peel extract
(GMPE), α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin in LPS-induced murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) by inhibiting
the production of inflammatory mediators. The cytotoxic assay of G. mangostana L. extract, α-mangostin, and γ-
mangostin were performed by MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-
2H-tetrazolium) to determine the safe and non-toxic concentration in RAW 264.7 for the further assay. The
concentration of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-6, and IL-1β) were measured by the ELISA-based assay and
NO by the nitrate/nitrite colorimetric assay in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory activity was
determined by the reducing concentration of inflammatory mediators in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 over the
untreated cells. This research revealed that GMPE, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin possess the anti-inflammatory
effect by reducing COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO production in LPS-induces RAW 264.7 cells.

https://synapse.koreamed.org/upload/SynapseData/PDFData/0228nps/nps-22-147.pdf

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Extract and its Compounds in LPS-induced RAW264.7 Cells

Objective(s): Inflammation is an immune response toward injuries. Although inflammation is healing response, but in some condition it will lead to chronic disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s and various cancer. Indonesian cassia (Cinnamomum burmanni C. Nees & T. Ness) known to contain coumarin, is widely used for alternative medicine especially as an antiinflammator.This study was conducted to determine the anti-inflammatory properties of coumarin and Indonesian cassia extract (ICE) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell line. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic assay of coumarin and ICE against RAW264.7 cells was conducted using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). The anti-inflammatory potential was determined using LPS-induced RAW 267.4 macrophages cells to measure inhibitory activity of both compounds on production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and also cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β  (IL-1β)  and TNF-α. Results: Coumarin 10 µM and ICE 10 µg/ml were nontoxic to the RAW264.7 cells. Both of coumarin and ICE were capable to reduce the PGE2, TNF-α, NO, IL-6, and IL-β level in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Coumarin had higher activity to decrease PGE2 and TNF-α, whilst ICE had higher activity to inhibit NO, IL-6, and IL-β levels. Conclusion: Coumarin and ICE possess anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of PGE2 and NO along with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β production.

https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_8102_54b2ff873f2d18e9110e1666b3534736.pdf

Nurul Fauziah

Papers

Antioxidant and Anti Aging Assays of Oryza Sativa Extracts, Vanillin and Coumaric Acid

Conditioned medium from normoxia (WJMSCs-norCM) and hypoxia-treated WJMSCs (WJMSCs-hypoCM) in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation

Antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of extract and fractions of Rambutan seeds (Nephelium lappaceum L.)

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Extract and its Compounds in LPS-induced RAW264.7 Cells

In vitro assesment of anti-inflammatory activities of coumarin and Indonesian cassia extract in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line