Emerging Theories in Health Promotion Practice and Research: Strategies for Improving Public Health

Family Capitalism: Wendels, Haniels, Falcks and the Continental European Model

Effective Succession Planning Ensuring Leadership Continuity And Building Talent From Within

self, until after industry had turned society's relations with the material world upside down. The treatment of class, unavoidable in any study of economics or of fashion, let alone of both, prompts even deeper reservations. Class is implicated in every aspect of footwear: in the varying and manifold relations between makers, sellers, purchasers, and wearers of shoes. It follows, then, that an account of the dynamic development of a shoe industry must necessarily record the dynamic changes that overtook the very nature of class. However, A Foot in the Past has no interest in such dynamics. Instead, \"high\" and \"low\" remain a static taxonomy, which means that we have no way of understanding in what terms Pattison's \"traditional. . . high-class shop\" participated in such a mass display of capitalist progress as the 1851 Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations (p. 117). Capitalism might very well have turned traditionalists into revolutionaries, but this is a dialectic that requires explanation. Indeed, it is the heart of the story. Readers of A Foot in the Past will learn a lot about shoes but little about modern life. As such, and in spite of his commendable intention to do otherwise, Riello has only reinforced the disciplinary parochialism that continues to separate so much business—let alone dress—history from its social, cultural, and even economic contexts.

Dynasties: Fortunes and Misfortunes of the World's Greatest Business Families . By David S. Landes. New York: Viking, 2006. xx + 379 pp. Bibliography, notes, index. Cloth, $25.95. ISBN: 0-670-03338-3.

Advance management accounting

This study investigates the effect of reward system on employee performance in selected manufacturing firms in the Littoral Region of Cameroon. Specifically, the study assesses the degree to which profit sharing affects employee commitment in manufacturing firm; ascertains the effect of flat-rate systems on employee work values in manufacturing firms; and appraises the influence of collective bargaining reward systems on employee cohesiveness in manufacturing firms. This research work is a survey which makes use of a sample of 538 employees drawn from a population of 5146 employees of ten selected manufacturing firms within the Cameroon Littoral Region. The sample was selected by the use of the Cochran’s formula for finite population sample at a 95% confidence level. The major source of data used for the study was primary data and the instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. The findings revealed that, profit sharing had a significantly positive effect on employee commitment in manufacturing firms; flat rate systems had a significantly negative effect on employee work values in manufacturing firms; and collective bargaining reward systems had a significantly positive impact on employee cohesiveness in manufacturing firms. The study concluded that there is a positive link between reward systems and employee performance. This link creates an opportunity for employers to use reward system as a motivating factor to fine-tune employee behaviour towards efficiency and effectiveness. Based on the findings, it was recommended amongst others that reward systems for manufacturing firms should be designed such that employees are entitled to percentages of profit earned by the firm as a means of promoting productivity and group cohesiveness amongst employees. The study further advised that employees in manufacturing firms should not be paid fixed salaries as it could result in a high rate of tardiness and reluctance of employees within a group to put in anything more than the performance of an average performer in the group.

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Effect of Reward System on Employee Performance among Selected Manufacturing Firms in the Litoral Region of Cameroon

Family businesses in many developing economies have continually been plagued with the issues of leadership tussle emanating from the owner-manager power. The study assesses the effect that leadership plays on the survivability (survival success) of family businesses in Nigeria. This study utilized a survey design, to gather data from five hundred and two respondents who were owners/founders and top management of selected family businesses in southwestern Nigeria. The data collected through the closed ended questionnaires were tested with linear regression at 0.05 level of significance. The finding revealed that leadership roles positively affect the long-run success of family businesses in Nigeria. Informed by this finding, the study concluded that there is a positive link between leadership method and survivability (i.e. survival) of family businesses in developing economy like Nigeria. The study advised that a new paradigm shift in leadership (i.e. adaptive type of leadership) should be considered by family businesses operating in Nigeria. This would ameliorate the owners-managers leadership tussle that derails many family businesses in Nigeria.

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Do Leadership Roles Affect Survivability of Family Businesses in Developing Economies

This study examines the effect of community engagement strategies on meningitis control in Nigeria. The study specifically assesses the effect of policymakers’ involvement of traditional rulers on accountability of meningitis control programmes, and also it ascertains the effect of policymakers’ collaboration with Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) on the sustainability of meningitis control programmes in Nigeria. The study utilized a survey design to gather relevant data from relevant stakeholders and community members from north-western states of Nigeria. Questionnaire designed on five point Likert scale was used to gather data from the sampled respondents. Findings show that there is a positive relationship between involvements of traditional rulers and accountability of meningitis control in Nigeria. It further reveals that collaboration with CBOs cannot sustain meningitis campaign in Nigeria since the result indicates a negative relationship between collaboration with CBOs and sustainability of meningitis control programmes. Based on the findings, it was recommended amongst others that community engagement initiatives in Nigeria should be a two-way process, where suggestions and views of the community members should be considered and included in the campaign. It is also advised that traditional rulers and religious leaders should be fully involved and consulted in the campaign planning process and implementation for managing meningitis issues.

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Effect of Community Engagement Strategies on Meningitis Control in Nigeria

Background: Studies evaluating immunization data quality and its determinants in low- and middle-income countries are scarce. Aim: Therefore, this study assessed the accuracy of routine immunization data and its associated factors in Enugu State, South-East Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional, mixed-method study. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 60 out of 180 primary health facilities in six local government areas (LGAs). Routine data on Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), pentavalent vaccine dose3 (Penta3), and Measles2 vaccinations in tallied registers, facility reports, and District Health Information System II (DHIS2) in 2020 were abstracted using a questionnaire. The dependent variables were the accuracy ratios of the facility and DHIS2 reports. We collected data on the independent variables including LGAs, type of location, facility type, tool availability, tool use, frequency of supervision, defaulter tracing, and vaccine tracking. Additionally, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 35 purposively selected actors on factors affecting the data quality. The proportions of facilities with normal, under-, or over-reporting were summarized in percentages. The median accuracy ratios and interquartile range (IQR) were also reported. Differences in median accuracy ratios were tested using the independent sample median test. We tested the predictive model using a generalized linear model. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: The accuracy of facility reports ranged from 38% to 68% (normal), 17–30% (under-reporting), and 15–35% (over-reporting) of health facilities. In DHIS2, the accuracy ranged from 5% to 10% (normal), 37–42% (under-reporting), and 53–63% (over-reporting) of health facilities. The median (IQR) accuracy ratios of facility reports were 100.0% (98.3–103.2%), 100.0% (98.5–103.6%), and 100.0% (81.6–110.2%) for BCG, Penta3, and Measles2, respectively. The median (IQR) accuracy ratios of DHIS2 reports were 83.6% (43.3–192.7%), 88.4% (37.8–200.8%), and 46.2% (10.7–202.7%) for BCG, Penta3, and Measles2, correspondingly. No facility characteristic predicted the accuracy of routine immunization reports. Reasons for inaccurate data include untimely recording, wrong counting, delayed reporting, infrequent supervision, lack of data audits, resource constraints, and high workload. Conclusions: Routine immunization data are not always accurate in Enugu state. Continuous efforts to improve the data monitoring system, supervision, data audits, funding, and staffing are warranted.

Assessing the quality of immunization data from administrative data in Enugu State, South-East Nigeria: A cross-sectional study

Background: Studies evaluating what interventions might improve the quality of routine immunization (RI) data and use in decision-making are scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed the effect of a data-focused intervention on the accuracy of RI data and the quality of the data monitoring system (DMS). Methods: A “before and after” study was conducted in randomly selected health facilities (n = 60) in Enugu State, Nigeria. Data on three routine vaccinations in tallied registers, facility reports, and District Heath Information System II, and the quality of the DMS were compared before and after the intervention. The DMS covered recording, reporting, archiving, demographic information, core output and analysis, and data use. The intervention included monthly data review meetings and supervision of facility RI staff. We compared mean differences (MD) of log-transformed data accuracy and quality scores between baseline and end-line using paired samples t-test. Additionally, interviews were conducted with purposively selected RI stakeholders (n = 21) on the interventions and self-selected changes in RI data management practices. Data were coded and analyzed thematically using NVivo software version 11. Results: The accuracy of Measles2 facility reports improved post-intervention (MD = -0.62, t = 2.70, ρ = 0.009). The overall quality of the DMS (MD = -10.1, t = -4.4, ρ = 0.001), recording (MD = -6.5, t = -3.0, ρ = 0.048), demographic information (MD = -24.1, t = -6.1, ρ = 0.001), core output and analysis (MD = -14.2, t = -3.9, ρ = 0.004), and data use (MD = -17.05, t = -4.3, ρ = 0.001) improved post-intervention. Regarding the qualitative findings, adopting “tally as you vaccinate,” timely reporting, use of demographic information, archiving paper records, updating the monitoring charts regularly, and data-informed decisions improved the RI data monitoring system. However, resistance to changes in recording practices, staff shortage, use of inappropriate denominators, interrupted supply of monitoring charts, and lack of funds constrained the data monitoring system. Conclusion: Supervision and data review meetings improve the accuracy of Measles2 and the quality of the RI DMS. The feasibility of sustaining the data management practices requires RI stakeholders to address contextual limitations identified in this study.

Nwanneka C. Ghasi

Papers

Effect of Reward System on Employee Performance among Selected Manufacturing Firms in the Litoral Region of Cameroon

Do Leadership Roles Affect Survivability of Family Businesses in Developing Economies

Effect of Community Engagement Strategies on Meningitis Control in Nigeria

Assessing the quality of immunization data from administrative data in Enugu State, South-East Nigeria: A cross-sectional study

Evaluating an intervention to improve the quality of routine immunization data and monitoring system in Enugu State, Nigeria: A pre-and post-study